Different theories of retirement and ageing

Different theories of solitude and get oningWhen discussing the subject of l whizzliness, the prime(prenominal) resign that wizard comes across is that of defining what privacy is, and when it occurs. agree to Denton and Spencer (2009), the Oxford prospect Dictionary defines privacy as follows To withdraw from office, or an official position to give up unitys business or occupation in secern to enjoy more leisure or freedom (e peculiar(a)ly after having make a competence or earned a pension). They continue to summate that seclusion locoweed be voluntary or involuntary in pocketable stages or sudden temporary or permanent. Hence, there is no ace clear definition which embodies totally the possible situations.In contrast, Banks and Smith (2006), rea tidings that l hotshotliness is made up of the following characteristics it is a sudden, rather than a gradual process, it is a permanent and voluntary choice, it equals to drawing a pension, and it is a decision made by the individual rather than cooperatively with dwelling house members. This is the c formerlypt of solitude that is adopted by most economists. In addition, seclusion is a state of matter of mind in the sense that the individual recognizes him/herself as be retired. The definition is and so a subjective one which may mean contrary things to different wad and populations. In itself, it is a extensive word which encompasses a number of different elements.For umpteen workers, solitude is seen as an opportunity of long awaited freedom from the responsibilities and stress of vocation. It brings change and mark a transition into the later purport stages. It is a quantify of deflection and travel, and an opportunity to develop new psychic and physical routines. Planning and anticipating retirement play an requisite part in the lives of m any workers and their families. Recently, the new phenomenon of azoic retirement has become progressively more popular (Rosenko etter Garris, 2001).Shaw and Hill (2002) tell that a uncouthly used definition for retirement is an age-related withdrawal from ready working life. However, one has to define what constitutes an active working life. Some researchers affirm chosen to allow their respondents to classify themselves as to whether they argon retired or not. This approach, however, has the outrage that the definition of retirement ordain not be the same for e genuinelyone as some concourse who are working and receiving a previous pipeline pension may consider themselves retired whilst others who contain stopped working and are taking care of grandchildren, for instance, do not consider themselves as retired. Hence, different definitions of retirement result in different retirement patterns for men and women. The authors go on to argue that as there is no single dress hat definition for retirement, the definition should be adapted according the question being asked, therefore multiple definition s would be helpful when dealing with specific differences in men and womens decisions to leave the remunerative work force.Origins and History of lonelinessIn their respective works, Graebner (1980) and Costa (2000) provide a brief history on the evolution of retirement. Back in the 1850s, 77% of men who were over 65 years were still working. Not working was viewed as inappropriate and hence people worked as long as they could. In pre-industrial America, most worked in agriculture, and in this area there was no retirement. When a man became excessively nonagenarian to do strenuous work such as ploughing, his son would usually take over whilst he shifts to less demanding chores. Before the civilian War, the elderly were viewed as valued people, for a number of reasons such as their knowledge, hard-work, moral guidance they offered and the contri thoion in reforming the country. As they grew previous(a), they were still respected and played important roles in the community and families. After the Civil War, though, this began to change. The race shifted from being primarily rural to an increasingly urban society alter by industrialization. Unlike agricultural workers, urban workers did not fox the familial support to enable them to shift to less strenuous work as they aged. By the 1880s, the American economy relied on manufacturing, and relationships mingled with young and obsolescent workers started to become troublesome. The intellection of retirement started to develop as a mean to deal with these encroachs.As industrialization grew in the United States, business and administration leaders realized that they need to develop a mechanism which would didder economic growth whilst assisting in the replacement of less efficient honest-to-god workers with cheaper, younger ones. The preferred mechanism for this was the mandatory retirement of older workers. With the interpolation of machines, one began to realize that older workers were neither f ast nor strong complete to operate machinery and this slowed d give birth production. By getting older workers out of the way, the men would be re displace with a younger, faster, and more efficient one. Attitudes toward elderly people became increasingly negative. By the early 1900s factory owners restricted the hiring of older people and beef up retirement policies which were mandatory in order to get rid of the ones already employed. Since many business owners were un well-heeled with the idea of getting rid of stanch older workers leaving them without any transaction and income whatsoever, some of them offered pensions or helped to pass water company homes for the elderly. By the year 1920, mandatory retirement with a small pension became the preferred method for moving older workers aside. Hence, employers eliminated older workers but in the mean time felt secure that the retired worker would have ample money to survive. Without any doubt, some older workers resisted thi s be after. Social operate were almost inexistent and retirement meant a lower standard of sprightliness. Yet, when confronted with so many retirement rules, workers found themselves forced out of their jobs so much so that by the year 1920, almost half of all white manlike workers over the age of 60 were no longer in the workforce. Still, older workers discovered that retiring and receiving some sort of, counterbalance if an insufficient, pension was reveal than being pushed aside without nothing at all.The first federal retirement legislation became known as The Railroad seclusion Act of 1935, and was a testing ground for later development. The easiest way out of chronic unemployment in the country became the retirement of all older persons the only problem was making sure that pensions are available.Things changed once again during World War II when anyone who could went back to work. This vagabond back the country into full employment once again. However, after the war, retirement was once again the mechanism which controlled costs and employment rates. Even though pensions became increasingly common, many retired workers tolerateed unhappy about the idea of retirement so much so that an alarming number even refused to apply for social bene ables. Hence, business and governments started to instil ideas to older workers with the idyllic thoughts of leisure, and the well-earned reciprocate of free time at their age. This is when insurance companies started to make large earnings out of life insurance policies and when sociologists formed the theories of maturement. By the late 1960s, the mythology of retirement was completely assimilated into Americans minds.In the mid-1980s, mandates changed pension rules so that widows were not left without any benefits. Also, social security benefits were increase and as a result, the percent of pensioners living in poverty significantly dropped. By the 1970s and 1980s, pensions were fixed to a retirement for mula which depended on the length of service and final net income of the person. This meant that a worker would not know what pension he would throw until he actually retired. To avoid all this, business shifted from traditional delimit pension plans to defined contribution plans where they promised that a contribution of a authoritative amount would be do towards each workers pension.Benefits and Drawbacks of RetirementAccording to Coni, Davison, and Webster (1992), during retirement income is likely to be reduced, however occupational pensions which are meet more common offer greater monetary security. Those who have become as well dependent on trappings of their employment may realize that their spot has changed and that they miss the company of the work-place. On the other hand, retirement should be looked upon as a time of opportunity, which after all, may last for more than 30 years. If the approach towards retirement is a happy and an enthusiastic one, then it is very likely that it will live up to expectations. When it comes to learning new material, older learners usually do better due to higher motivation levels, and change magnitude self-knowledge. The authors go on to argue that everybody has to find their own way finished old age and retirement, and if one, at his or her age, feel happy and comfortable doing something, then that thing is right for him or her. When it comes to relationships, retirement may be the only time that one can truly live unneurotic with their partner since they are no longer kept apart by employment and family, even though difficulties may arise in this moot as well. Regarding fitness, one should keep in mind that the fitter one is, the less likely it is to become ill and the more likely one would make a full and swift recovery. Since the elderly are touch with degenerative changes, attention should be paid to both(prenominal) physical and mental fitness. Muscles waste in a sedentary lifestyle but they have th e ability to redevelop and this can be achieved by doing an occupation which one enjoys and gives them pleasure. These complicate walking the dog, ballroom dancing, and even cultivating a garden. Mental activities should be taken up to develop and maintain the mind by learning, re-learning, or improving a foreign language. Prevention of illness is a lifelong need, and good habits must be started early and maintained passim. A common reason for eagerly anticipating retirement may be the wish to be freed from a strict routine inflicted by employment, which is understandable, but also inappropriate. Retirement should provide the opportunity of restructuring ones routine. This can be done by establishing enough time for physical activity, some time for learning, time for family and time for ones self. Having utter all this, during retirement, one may be faced by painful tasks, decisions, and situations. Therefore, fore-thinking potential problems such as loneliness, bereavement, s eemly a carer, or becoming disabled, will always help to deal with such dilemmas.Windmill (1992), states that retirement can mean a discharge of status, a sense of no longer being a useful society member, losing ones sense of purpose, and becoming part of the receiving end of society. However, one should understand the importance of preparing for retirement so that mental, physical, and social changes do not come by as a shock. Retirement means mean finances, doing leisure activities, and considering wellness and housing ineluctably.Eliopoulos (1993) adds that retirement may be the first experience of the impact of ageing for many. It is facilitated by learning how to use, appreciate and gain satisfaction from leisure time, which is also a therapeutic outlet for life stresses. The author also mentions the stages of retirement certain by Robert Atchley in 1975, which, however, not all retirees go through the hostile contour where retirement is anticipated but preparation is sel dom done the near phase when preparation for leaving the job begins the honeymoon phase which is the euphoric period that follows retirement the disenchantment phase where depression may be experienced the reorientation phase where realistic choices are considered the stability phase when an understanding of a retirement roles is achieved and the termination phase when retirement role is lost due to illness or disability.Studies suggest this life event may be a stressful even for those experiencing health or monetary issues at the time of retirement however, those who manage to plan out their retirement are less likely to experience monetary burdens. For some, retirement may mean loss of income and identity, loss of status authority, loss of purpose in life and loss of peer contacts (Miller, 1995).Retirement in MaltaLocally, workers nearing the retirement age may be eligible for a retirement pension. A person would be eligible to a Contributory Retirement Pension if he or she sa tisfies a number of conditions the person has reached the retirement age, 61 for males, and 60 for females, the worker has been employed or self-employed for not less than 10 year prior to retirement the worker has paid at least 156 contributions and that on the day of retirement, the worker has satisfied the pertinent contribution conditions (Ministry of Education, Employment and the Family, 2011).The General Workers Union (2009) offers a course empower Preparazzjoni ghall-Irtirar (Preparation for Retirement) and also houses a Pensioners Association whose major task is to attend to special and particular needs of pensioners and retired workers. It protects rights and interests, and safeguards pension levels and standard of living. Cultural, social, and educational activities are held yearly and membership is open to all retired workers.Planning for RetirementAccording to Coni et al., (1992), we should all be preparedness our own retirement throughout our lives, and that even sc hool-aged children should cop some form of instruction about the topic. This would enable younger people to have a better understanding of what ageing is and learn about some complexities of being old. Having hobbies and leisure pursuits at a young age may introduce them to activities that they enjoy. Hence, once retired, one would be able to reelect to these activities.Financial planning must also start early because in order for one to have a secure retirement capital, an decorous income must firstly be assured. Unfortunately, attention also needs to be paid towards the possibility of widowhood (especially in women), and that remarriage may be an additional complication.Rosenkoetter Garris (2001), state that in a dissect carried out in 1989, retirement planning was the second strongest predictor of satisfaction amongst male respondents, and in another study in 1997 it was found that retirement planning correlated with positive attitudes towards retirement. By participating in pre-retirement programs or courses, one can start assessing his or her attitudes and preparedness towards retiring. These courses would be most successful if they manage to address financial and health matters. Since retirement may prove a new importee and value to ones life, pre-retirement counseling assists individuals in their preparation. In an Australian study, it was noted that retirement may be a stressful and challenging event and that planning was directly correlated with successful adaptation.The authors conclude that post-retirement perceptions of planning most of the time may not correspond with pre-retirement preparation. In their study, more emphasis was placed of financial planning and psychosocial adjustment to their life after employment. There was a significant increase in sedentary activities with may correlate with an increased risk of health problems found in this age group, hence retirees should be encouraged not only in social interactions, but in physical ac tivity too. Differences were found in planning according to the persons employment position, which relates to the need of developing post-retirement planning programs which are individualized to the type of worker.In their study, Phua and McNall (2008) concluded that as men age, concern about securing their finances increases and that this issue remains at top priority among people approaching retirement. The authors understand that studies show that retirees eventually adjust their spending patterns according to the drivings of their financial situation. Expectations towards marriage and having children is another issues that affects pre-retirement planning and this includes a need to resolve the conflict between saving and increased demands on financial resources that a family can require.According to Elder and Rudolph (1999), retirement satisfaction is based on both financial and non-financial variables. Results from their study indicated that attending preretirement courses an d planning meetings were positively related to retirement satisfaction. Also, planning out activities correlated with an increased likelihood of retirement satisfaction.Theories of senescenceThroughout the years, scientists have been trying to develop theories of ageing in an campaign to answer questions such as Why do we age? and How do we age?. Early sociologic theories, in the 1960s, focused on adjustments of older people towards loss of roles and reference groups. Theories which are based on these themes include the disengagement, activity, and persistence theories.In 1961, Cumming and Henry published their first sociologic theory of ageing the disengagement theory. According to this theory, a process of mutual disengagement takes place during aging where both the individual and the society in which he or she travel withdraw from each other (Redfern, 1996). This process is an inevitable one, and is governed by societys needs which dominate individual needs. This theory furth er states that older people longing this withdrawal, and as the social contacts of a person diminish, disengagement becomes a street arab process that further limits opportunities of interaction (Miller, 1995).Another theory of ageing is the activity theory which is based on the belief that in order for one to age successfully, he or she must keep active. It was first say by Havighurst and Albrecht in 1953 who said that social role participation is essential for positive adjustment to old age. In 1963, Havighurst and colleagues created the term activity theory. In 1972, then, it was Lemon and colleagues who formalized the theory which proposed that older people could only remain psychologically and socially fit if they remained active and that loss of roles in old age affect life satisfaction negatively. Above all, the quality of interaction is more important than the quantity of activity (Miller, 1995).The continuity (or developmental) theory was put forward by Neugarten in 1968 because none of the other theories successfully explained ageing. According to this theory, a persons coping strategies are in place long ahead he or she starts to age, however personality features are continuously dynamic and evolving. Therefore the best way to predict how a person will adjust to ageing is by examining how that same person has adjusted to situations throughout his or her life. This theory hence brings out the importance of the relationship between personality and successful ageing (Miller, 1995).Some other proposed theories of ageing include the subculture theory proposed by Rose (1962, 1965), which states that old people have their own norms, beliefs, habits, and expectations and hence have their own subculture, the age stratification theory by Riley in 1972, which explains the interdependencies between age as an element of social body structure and ageing and cohorts as a social process. Other theories include the person-environment fit theory and the human nee ds theory (Miller, 1995).

Music Essays History of Rhythm and Blues

medicament Essays History of stave and mordantsHistory of pulse and BluesRhythm and discolour was considered strictly pitch-dark melody. Although I am not deduct of the American socialization, I consider my cultural heritage to be jolly re new-maded to this culture. The erosive culture is a phenomenal subject representing the feeling panache, imagination and accomplishments of tribe. One of the approximately outstanding and unique characteristic that makes this culture sensation of a kind is the medical specialty it has produced. Music has a rough-cut characteristic that is unique to all cultures throughout the world. However, the medicaments fashion, or sprint, all culture in bill includes medicinal drug as an big part of popular life. The four however about vote d acceptular categories of Black music are Blues, Jazz, Gospel, and Rhythm and Blues. Blues is an African American music that transverses a astray range of emotions and tuneful styles which is expressed in melodys that verse iniquity or express longing for a better life and baffled loves, jobs, and money. Jazz is music that consists of musical instruments such(prenominal)(prenominal) as saxs, flutes, and clarinets. Gospel music refers to African American Protestant verbal music that celebrates Christine Doctrine in emotive. Rhythm and Blues is a combination of the swinging bicycle of experience and separate race music with the lyrical content, sonic gestures, and with the format of the discolor. immediately I want to focus on Rhythm and Blues and the do compute it has make on the black culture, and discuss the lead major forms that made Rhythm and Blues distinguishable, and how it has change from jazzy/blues to pelvic girdle cut/rap.Rhythm and Blues music or RB has a signifier of different types of music. It is produced and supported primarily by blacks around the world. Beginning in the early 1940s, circle and blues music embraced genres as jump blues, nine blues, black rock, and roll, doo wop, somebody, Motown, shrivel, disco, and rap. It was rootage coined in 1949 by Jerry Wexler, who became prominent with Atlantic Records. Wexler engross the border rhythm and blues as a synonym for black rock and roll in the early and mid 1950s. RB provided the ace greatest fascinate on popular music worldwide for very much of the second half of the 20th century. The influence was traced in forms of rock music, artless and western, gospel music, and jazz as well as in a variety of non western form of music known as worldbeat. tally to Joseph Machlis and Kristine Forney in their book The Enjoyment of Music, Rhythm and blues is known for its preponderantly vocal genre, featuring a solo singer come with by a depleted group including piano, guitar, acoustic sea bass, drums, and tenor saxophone. Its harmonies and structure are gaunt from twelve bar blues and thirty 2 bar pop song form. As the pick up implies, the style is characteriz ed by a strong, driving force beat, usually in a quadruple meter. As the influence of sundry(a) styles of Rhythm and Blues, black urban values have permeated a wide variety of other cultures, most notable of contemporary Euro American youth. (599) match Christopher Handysides book Soul and RB. Handyside states that Rhythm and Blues (RB) was a name granted to a fast paced style of music that was influenced by blues, gospel, and jazz. Handyside states that RB also owed its style to jump blues. Jump blues was popular in the 1930s and 1940s, and was usually played by a large dress circle that featured drums, saxophone, and trumpet, stand up bass, guitar, and other horns as well as a singer. By the late 1940s, jump blues had developed into RB which took the form of brieflyer, catchier songs. Whereas jump blues much extended the songs with improvisation, RB tended to use smaller bands that featured drums, piano, guitar, and bass to generate the same energy and fervidness as a large r band. One of the most significant characteristics share by both jump blues and RB was the importance of a strong vocal singer. Handyside also states in the late 1940s than writer for the music magazine Billboard, Jerry Wexler, coined up the name rhythm and blues when he was editing the charts at the trade journal Billboard and found that the bring down companies issuing black popular music considered the chart names to be demeaning. The magazine changed the charts name in its June 17, 1949, issue, having used the term rhythm and blues in moderns articles for the previous two years. Although the records that appeared on Billboards rhythm and blues chart there aft(prenominal) were in a variety of different styles, the term was used to encompass a number of contemporary forms that emerged at that time. (4-5)Handyside states the origins of rhythm and blues originated from the sociological, industrial, and technological changes that took place in the Unites States just prior to and during reality War II. Among theses changes was a wide strewing shift in American demo pictorials. general music and unsanded styles were compeld to meet the changing tastes of the demographic group, which lead to the using of urbane sounds of RB. These sociological changes of the World War II period were accompanied by two significant technological developments, the invention of the electric guitar in the late 1930s and the newly relatively affordable disc everywherey of the German invented tape recorder. With these two inventions it simplified the preserve process. Enterprising individuals were able to pass independent record companies, since the major record companies in the United States had forgetful interest in RB music. Newly formed independent companies began such as Atlantic, Chess, Specialty, and Modern were crucial for the production and distri notwithstandingion of RB recordings. agree to online data form Encarta, another outstanding industrial change was the d raw close of boob tube in the United States in the late 1940s. For fear that television would make radio stations obsolete, umteen owners sold their radio stations. The new radio station owners off-key to urbanized black Americans. These emergent black orientated radio stations allowed the new independent record companies to air the sounds of Rhythm and Blues to a black urban audience. Although the sounds of black urban music were being performed throughout the United States, the recordings of RB began on two coasts. Big band jazz musician Louis Jordon formed a small ensemble in 1938, which he level(p)tually named the Tympany Five. Jordon recorded primarily in the up tempo beat using the horn crusaden style of the jump blues. The jump blues style he originated rapidly spread among black musicians, with distinctive regional variants emerging in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Memphis, Tennessee. Jordon influenced every RB artist in the 1940s, 1950s, and early mid-sixties. There we re two other styles of RB that were popular in the late 1940s and early 1950s. It was the submissive strain on jump blues and featuring a coarse, honking tenor saxophone sound. (Encarta)In the early1950s the strains of Rhythm and Blues began to be directed towards teenagers instead of adults. The vocal group style of the 1940s had given way to the 1950s doo wop. As Handyside states Rhythm and Blues vocal groups or doo wop groups, were becoming much and more popular. It was called Doo wop because of the nonsense syllables the vocalists would often use. It featured close harmoniousness singing at slower tempos. Artists such as the Five Keys, the Coasters and the Drifters, sing songs with lyric themes that junctured concerns of American teenagers. (13)Motown soul music in the sixties saw three important styles of R&B the Chicago soul, which was influenced by gospel music songs, the Motown sound, which combined songwriting with a refinedforward vocal, and southern soul, which was the most gospel influence style of RB. Chicago soul was epitomized by the work of singer and songwriter Curtis Mayfield with the group the Impressions. Mayfield wrote songs of faith and inspiration which featured several(prenominal) different lead singers trading vocal lines in the call and rejoinder fashion.In 1959 the Motown record company was founded by former boxer turned musician Berry Gordy Jr. Gordy was so successful at ontogeny a recognizable sound for Motown that the company name quickly began to be a designation for a genre of music. The music he produced had its root in gospel, jazz, and rhythm and blues, but with the Mo-town Sound. Its success was also due in part to the songwriting efforts of Lamont Dozier and brothers Eddie and Brian Holland. Motown represented the sound of American youth through most of the 1960s and for an independent record company, achieved unprecedented success. The Motown artist of the 1960s include Diana Ross with vocal group the Supremes, the one and only, singer and songwriter Smokey Robinson with the group the Miracles, and the Temptations. The legal age of Motown artist were vocal groups that updated the doo wop style of the 1950s with a heavy, steady beat. Confederate soul was originated by throng Brown and Ray Charles. On many of the early soul records, Charles would take a traditional spiritual song and transform it into a secular paean to love. Handyside states Rhythm and Blues first true superstar and all around musical innovator was Ray Charles. It is not often that one can destine to a single song and claim that it invented a new genre, but this was the case with Charles. In 1954 Charles hit song I Got a adult female was the popular notion of soul music. He took the gospel song I Got Religion and changed the lyrics from a song about God to a song about a woman. The musics bouncing feel was straight out of church and had a strong sense of syncopation. By adding a gospel flavor to the music, Charles had rec onnected RB with the spiritual roots and rhythms of African Americans. (11)Handyside states James Brown was a contemporary of Ray Charles. Browns innovations in soul music, style, and drop dead performance had earned him the nickname The Godfather of Soul. Brown had a raspy, soulful voice that he combined with his fancy dance moves. By the mid 1960s he was taking soul in a whole new direction. He laid the ground work for what would be called funk music. Southern soul had remained a significant presence in popular music throughout the seventies. (19)In the late 1960s at the height of soul musics popularity, there were significant changes and cultural views began to be supply by many black Americans. By the end of the seventies, the soul/RB sound had been eclipsed by the music it had influenced, disco and funk. With the help of James Brown, funk music began to emerge in the late 1960s and early 1970s. rebound was a looser form of soul music. It was based around the groove of the ba ss guitar, funk songs would stretch out well past the usual three to four minutes of a soul song. According to Handyside, funks appeal was limited, and in the late 1960s, rock artist improvised and broke the rules they were also stretching their songs out into extended jams. Funk de-emphasized melody and harmony, speech rhythm, it often had loud horn sections, scratchy guitar rhythms that extended into wild guitar solos, and was short on lyrical content. Funk musicians tended to favor one line sayings. This style was adopted by a number of artists. Musicians synthesized the funk style with elements from egg white rock music. (33)Disco rivaled funks popularity in the early 1970s and surpassed it by the middle of the decade. Hanydside states, like funk, disco was a dance oriented style. It was born out of funk, mixed with the slick Philly Soul. It was named not for any fact characteristic of its music, but after the places where it was originally played, the discotheques. (38) By t he mid 1970s funks grooves had been smoothed over to help create disco. In contrast to funk, disco was dominated by arrangements featuring strings and synthesizers to boost the important beats. Disco was viewed by many as a substantial embrace to rock music. It gave rise to a handful of highly original ensembles, as Earth, Wind Fire and the Fatback Band. Although the craze for disco eventually waned, it was an important bug of rhythms and sounds in hip hop, techno and house music. (39)According to online data from Encarta, in the late eighties and 1990s disco gave way to other genres like hip hop and rap music. By the early 1990s, hip hop had give-up the ghost a major force in music. Hip hop began when DJs such as Kool Herc, Grandmaster Flash, and Africa Bambaataa would mix beats or breaks of funk and disco records so that people could dance to the beat continuously. In 1991 Mary J. Blige teamed up with maker Sean Puff Daddy Combs and added the hip hop attitude to RB. Blige was one of the first artists to blend urban, contemporary RB singing with hip hop beats, rhymes, and attitude.Machlis and Forney states that after a while people began to rhyme or rap over these beats. The first rap recording was Rappers Delight, by the Sugarhill confederacy in 1979. The technological developments of the early 1980s, including the use of synthesizers and other electronic devices, surface the way for rap, a highly rhythmic style of musical line of gab that had been popular with New York audiences in the 1970s and later developed wider appeal. eat DMC was largely responsible for the commercialization of rap, their collaboration with Aerosmith on the cover recording of the 1977 hit song Walk This Way introduced the style to white audiences. A year later, conscious rap found its prominent voice in the group Public Enemy. Public Enemy produced several highly prestigious rap phonograph albums. Rap in its diversified forms has continued as one of the most popular types o f African American music. (606-607)In the late 1980s raps controversial subgenres, gangsta rap raised with the debut album Straight Outta Compton. (Encarta) Machlis and Forney states gangsta rap of the 1990s has further disseminated the style through graphic descriptions of inner city realities. The violent shooting deaths of Tupac Shakur in 1996 and Notorious B.I.G in 1997, has highlighted the violence associated with this musical style. (607)Rhythm and blues did more than just influence other music. It allowed African Americans to sing about their own experiences in their own style and in their own words. Today it is still here in dance parties on Saturday nights and in churches on sunlight morning. Rhythm and Blues and soul continue to thrive now even more so than rock n roll, which dominated the mainstream for so many years. From the classic soul singing of artists such as DAngelo and Maxwell, to surface-to-air missile Cooke and Otis Redding, to the eclectic experiment of Andre of the hip hop group Outkast. These musicians race on the tradition of earlier innovators such as Ray Charles, Prince, and Michael Jackson. R B has by far taken over in the twenty-first century. Although Rhythm and Blue was considered strictly black music, it is loved today by people of all races.One thing we all know is that music of all kinds is the manifestation of emotion. From folk songs, to religious chants the range and diversity of music is almost incomprehensible. It has been said that the best way to learn about the people, and its culture, is to preserve and listen to their music. Music is all powerful because it stimulates, manipulates and dissipates our moods through the emotions. Music, in our culture, functions in many ways it can make work more enjoyable, create a fraternity among men, encourage a spirit of idolisation, and be an expression of emotion. Music can make hard work seem easier, or rather, make it tolerable. If you dont believe me next time you drive past a house that is undergoing construction or anywhere people are doing hard manual labour, stop and listen for music. Quite often there is a radio blasting.Rhythm and blues music in the 21st century has been used to encourage a spirit of worship and to communicate with God. Many churches today begin their services with some form of worship music, whether its all through song or just playing of the Organ. In some form its designed to paraphernalia peoples minds to hear a word from God. My Church in particular has one hour of worship before the service begins.Although rhythm and blues is not a favorite listen to music by many, we can all agree that its style is the most powerful on earth depending on your age. It can make you fall in love, key out down an enemy, or weep for lost friends. Its style is also a source of reconciliation, exhilaration, and hope that never fails I thank God for conjure up many musicians with the gift of music, If it hadnt been for one particular song I might be married to my husband today. Without music in everyday life, the world would be an extremely hostile and maybe even an dreadful place to be. Music has become the most powerful freedom given by God.Works CitedHandyside, Chris. A History of Soul and RB. A history of American music. Oxford Heinemann Library, 2006.Machlis, Joseph, Kristine Forney, The Enjoyment of Music An Introduction to Perceptive Listening. New York W.W. Norton, 2000.Rhythm and blues. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 17 May 2008. http//www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063492.Rhythm-and-Blues Music, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008 http//encarta.msn.com 1997-2008 Microsoft Corporation.

The Video Game Console Market Marketing Essay

The Video Game sympathize with merchandise Marketing EssayThe characterisation gamy locker foodstuff is a fast gro pull aheadg commercialise. Sonys trifleStation 3 competes to wedgeher with Nint closeos Wii and Microsofts Xbox 360 for the merchandise loss leader bunk. Comp atomic number 18d with these foes, Sonys PS3 includes the currentest technologies and erects the laid-backest mannikin of functionalities. Therefore, Sonys strategy is to propose customers who focus on high technologies and multimedia-entertainment. However, this involves that the PS3 competes non nonwithstanding with soothe manufacturers, restrained in addition with other multimedia producers such(prenominal) as PC manufacturers. Due to the fact, that the Sonys PS3 lead be quite expensive, the encourage leave behind be uncommitted in a reward discrepancy and in a cheaper basic edition.Considering the distri hardlyion of its PS3 p throne of grounds, Sony tries to change its traditi onal lend set up by providing an meshing platform, where rehearsers stick out download feebles. This results in salvage costs and a faster dissemination.Further much, the well-nigh important change brute is the Internet for promoting the PlayStation 3. Blogs, MySpace, YouTube and other kind of websites enable an argona-wide promotion of the plump for comfort and particularly, it is done by consumers. Another important tool is the formalized website, which offers among others training about the ease and about obtainable plunk fors.Additionally, Sony promotes its PlayStation 3 together with a meaningful slogan, which differs between Europe (This is living) and U.S. (Play Beyond).Finally, Sonys financing objectives be to sell 15 million exemplars in the first-year and to achieve total sales tax income enhancement of $8.25 billion. Its merchandising goals are to sell to a greater extent than cytosine million exemplars in the long-run and to become the food m arket leader.Table of ContentsExecutive heavyset 11 Situation Analysis 22.1 ongoing merchandising environment 22.2 Current harvest-time railway governing body 22.3 harvest-time Analysis 32.4 Target Markets 32.5 Competitive Analysis 52.6 product/Market Analysis Tools 52.7 gussy up Analysis 83 Objectives 84 Competition 94.1 Game sympathize with constancy 94.2 Direct competitors 94.3 Market concept of argument 115 Product Unique selling offer 126 Distribution 126.1 Supply chain 126.2 near multiplication leave chain 146.3 Business Models 157 Marketing Strategy 167.1 AIDA 178 Marketing miscellanea Strategy of 4 Ps 188.1 Product 188.2 scathe 188.3 Place 198.4 Promotion 199 fiscal projections 1910 Implementation controls 20Situation AnalysisCurrent selling environmentThe photo game condole with market is super bendd from its demographic and technological environment. The ecumenic population is growing and more and more batch pass water a strong need for entert ainment. Many people engage something against boredom in their free time. Furthermore, the technology environment countenances a variety of parvenu functionalities which are al virtually unlimited. According to Moores Law, accomplishor fixture and reposition capability reduplicate almost every 18 months by constant prices. Additionally, technologies such as High Definition TV provide a new(a) way of entertainment consumption. Finally, another important influence in peoples behavior is enabled by the Internet. Its introduction was a milestone of the new economy. It allows finding almost any required training and enables worldwide talk as well as int date of referencection and it simplifies doing business.Current Product LineBefore we describe the features and functionalities of Sonys new boob tube game soothe, the PlayStation 3, we would like to spring a short overview of the partys current home television remains game address linePlayStation (PS1)The Sony PlayStati on is the companys first video game console and was produced in the mid-1990s. It belongs to the fifth times of video game consoles and provides a 32-bit processor. Furthermore, the PlayStation was the first game console that celestial orbited the 100 million mark.PlayStation 2 (PS2)Sonys PlayStation 2 is part of the sixth multiplication era and was released in 2000. Besides its 128-bit processor, it was the fist video game console that provides videodisc bleedback functionality. It placed first in number of units sold in its sixth generation of video game consoles and it became the fastest selling and most everyday game console in history, with over 110 million units shipped worldwide by November 2006.1PlayStation Portable (PSP)Sonys PlayStation Portable was the companys first handheld game console released in 2004. Besides playing games, it also provides opposite functionalities such as playing music, watching videos, viewing fits and using Internet applications. Nowadays , the PSP is the main competitor of Nintendos Game Boy and Nintendo DS.Product AnalysisThe Sony PlayStation 3 (PS3) is the seventh generation video game console and the third in Sonys PlayStation series. The console was launched in North America and Japan in November 2006 and is yet expected to be launched in Europe by inch 2007. The reason for its delay in Europe is a shortness of supplies with parts of the Blu-ray wedge.The console offers high-end technology and it has been exposit as an engineering masterpiece beca part of its promising specification and practice session of new technology.2Furthermore, the PS3 will be available in two contrary editions on the one hand, a basic edition with a 20 GB hard disk drive (HDD), and on the other hand a premium edition with 60 GB HDD. Nevertheless, both editions will have key elements such the Blu-Ray Disc for High Definition movies, the Cell chip, Giga-bit Ethernet for high speed Internet-connection, and an HDMI connection for optim um output on high-definition television. Compared with the basic edition, the premium edition will provide some extra features like hold for multiple outside memory storage devices (Memory stick, SD) and Wireless connectivity.More in fix upion about the specification washbasin you find in the Appendix.Furthermore, Sonys newest game console provides a Linux operating system and some Internet applications such as an Opera Web browser and multiplaying functionality.Finally, another feature of the PlayStation 3 is the retracted compatibility to Sonys previous video games for PS1 and PS2.Target MarketsThe following surgical incision should provide an overview of Sonys orient market and of its targeted customers.Target market approachIn our opinion, Sony should use a memberation approach as their general strategy to r for each one targeted customers. Although mass-marketing would create the strikingst capableness market, which leads to the lowest costs and results in lower prices or high margins, we propose segment marketing because it can create a more fine-tuned result offering and price for the target segment. Moreover, this approach enables to select more easily the top hat dispersion and communication channels, and to have a clearer picture of the main competitors.3Segmenting consumer marketsCultural distinctions, diverse needs and essentials of individuals, and diversities in customers buying behaviours require market segmentation of companies to satisfy their customers effectively. Thereby, the market can be divided up in geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioral segmentation variables and the company can focus on target segments which it wants to attract.4According to Sony, the main geographic segments of the PlayStation 3 consist of the Union America market, the Japanese market and the European market.When Sony released his first video game console PlayStation in 1994, the companys main focus was on the marketplace from 12- to 1 7-year-old boys. scarcely nowadays, Sonys demographic segmentation divides the market of the PS3 in male and female, old and materialisation players and expands its business vastly to a mainstream entertainment.5The PS3 offers a multifaceted repertoire of video games which includes something for everybody. Theres not merely one game to ultimately define the PS3 platform, but rather different must-have games for different segments of consumers. Additionally, an important and profitable demographic segment could be the college market because according to a study by Anderson Analytics GenX2Z solely 26 percent of students report card not playing video games.6Furthermore, Sony concentrates on a strong customer loyalty status in the behavioural segment. Besides its popular brand and the high reputation of its products, the company tries to win over its former consumers by the implementation of a backward compatibility which enables to play video games from its previous video game cons oles (PlayStation 1, PlayStation 2).Finally, one of the important target segments of the PS3 involves consumers who require high technology. The company is convinced that its consumers desire and want to get the best out of the best.Characteristics of the targeted customers / product usesAs already mentioned, Sonys targeted customers want to have the newest technologies and functionalities. Moreover, they need an entertainment system which provides functionalities such as viewing pictures, movies or listening music.The Playstation 3 can see all this particular requirements and reach therewith a lot of different customers. original of all, video game players can use the console, because it provides high technology and a lot of different available games. Furthermore, movie lovers can use the PS3 because it involves a videodisc drive and also allows watching movies in High Definition with its Blu-Ray drive. Moreover, customers can use the game console to see pictures from their net holidays easily by inserting their memory card in the included card-reader. Finally, customer can use the console to surf in the Internet or to use it instead of a computer, because its Linux operation system provides kindred functionalities.Summarized, all members of a family can use the PlayStation 3 for different needs. For instance, children play video games during the day and when the father arrives, he uses the PlayStation to read his emails. There by and by, the mother inserts the SD card in the PS3 and tells him the pictures from her trip to Stockholm closing curtain weekend. And at the evening, the whole family watch a movie together. This multimedia functionality provides the biggest gain for the PS3s consumers.Purchasing processSome customers make their decision which game console they want to buy dependent from the number of available games. Not that the functionality and technology, but also the variety of games can be important for the decision-making process of c ustomers. Therefore, the company has to offer information about the games which will be available for its game console. The primary channel for providing such information would be the official webpage.Furthermore, the final end-user of the game console is not always responsible for the buying process. For instance, sometimes parents purchase the game console for their children, and therewith another society is involved in the purchasing process.Market size estimationsThe number of consumers in the video game console intentness increased continuously during the remainder years. Due to the fact, that game consoles of the newest generation are similar with an entertainment system, we adjudicate a market size of 400 million potential users in Europe if everybody would buy the product. Considering that one product would be enough for a family, our final estimation of potential consumers will be 100 million in Europe.Furthermore, a forecast report of PricewaterhouseCoopers has shown that by 2010, the worldwide video game market will grow to $46.5 billion, at an average 11.4% sharpen annual rate.7Competitive AnalysisNintendo and Microsoft are the main competitors of Sony in the video game console industry. Considering the seventh generation, Sonys PlayStation 3 compete with Nintendos Wii and Microsofts Xbox 360. These two consoles were released world-wide in November 2006 and November 2005 respectively.8According to a study of the NPD Group about the popular video game consoles for December 2006, the Xbox 360 sold 1.1 million units, the Wii 604.2 thousand units and the PS3 490.7 thousand units. However, the PS3 sales go ins include nevertheless the U.S. and Japan market, where it is released already.More details about the contention situation will be discussed in chapter 4 Competition.Product/Market Analysis ToolsProduct Life CycleAccording to Sonys previous game consoles, the PlayStation 3 should have a 10-year product life-cycle. Its state-of-the-art techn ology involves that the drill of the PS3 resources and technology are just at the beginning and can fulfil all game requirements in the next years.9The product life-cycle consists of four different percen traile pointsIntroduction At this stage, the sales growth increase slowly when the product is introduced to the market.In Europe, the PS 3 is already dictated in the in-between of this stage, because many game-console lovers and fans have ordered the PS 3 in asseverate to become one of the first consumers aft(prenominal) its release in March 2007. For instance, a new PS 3 is pre-ordered almost each 20 seconds in Great Britain.10Growth At this period, a market credence of the product is recognizable and the number of sales units increases. First-users report about the product positively and other consumers are go curious.Maturity A stave in sales growth will be at this stage because the product has achieved acceptance by most of the buyers.Decline Most of the potential buye rs have already the product and therewith the number of sales turns. epitome 1 PlayStations Product Life-CycleDifferent marketing strategies are necessary for each stage of the product life-cycle. We will discuss our recommended strategies in7 Marketing Strategy.Due to the fact, that the PlayStation 3 was already released in Japan and U.S., fig 2 shows that the PlayStation 3 is located in a higher position compared with Europe. forecast 2 PS3s Product Life-Cycle in Japan and U.S.After shortness of supplies and an enormous rush demand in Japan and in the United States after the release in November 2006, a kind of stagnation is visible in these both markets today. Vendors report that a large contingent of the PlayStation 3 is still available in their shops.11Although Sony sees the reason for that in its optimized supply chain, the company has to consider new marketing strategies to increase its sales.The Boston Consulting Groups Growth-Share matrixIn the following section, we would like to discerp and classify Sonys game console product portfolio by profit potentials. Therefore, we employ the Boston Consulting Group approach presented by Kotler.12Due to the fact, that the PlayStation 1 is not be sold anymore, we didnt regard it in our analytic thinking.Figure 3 BCGs Growth-Share Matrix for Sonys game console product-lineFirst, we placed the PlayStation Portable in the research label empyrean, because the market of game handhelds is still growing and as the strongest competitor of the market leader Nintendo DS, the relative market share of the PSP increases. Therefore, Sony has to spend a lot of money in the buzz offment and advertising of the PSP to keep up with the fast-growing(prenominal) market, and to overtake the market leader.Additionally, we also placed the PlayStation 3 in the Question marks sector, because the market of the seventh generation video game consoles is still increasing and it is not visible already if the PS 3 will take the posit ion of the market leader.Finally, we located the PlayStation 2 in the hard currency cow sector. The PS2 has a falling market growth rate after the release of the next generation game console. Nevertheless, it is still the market leader in its generation and it achieved higher sales units (1.4 million) as the Xbox360 (1.1 million), Nintendo Wii (604.2 thousand), and the PlayStation 3 (490.7 thousand) in December 2006.13According to the 10-year product life-cycle, the PS2 is in the decline stage and will stay in the market for the next 3 years yet.SWOT AnalysisThe SWOT analysis is the overall evaluation of a companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.14It is apply as a framework to help an organization develop its marketing strategy. Thereby, strengths and weaknesses are internal factors which can be controlled by an organization, whereas opportunities and threats consist of external factors which are uncontrollable by an organization.Figure 4 SWOT analysis for Sonys PlayStation 3ObjectivesSonys financial objectives are to Achieve first-year total sales revenue of $8.25 billion, based on an average price of $550 per unit.Sonys PlayStation 3 marketing objectives are toAchieve a first-year unit sales deal of 15 million, which represent a projected market share of 25 percent.Increase second-year share to 40 percent and become the market leader.Sell more than 100 million units in the long-term.Arrange for distribution through the leading electric, video games and computer retailer in the whirligig 100 and establish an Internet platform.CompetitionGame console industryAccording to the industry concept of tilt presented by Kotler15, an industry is a group of firms that offer a product or class of products that are close substitutes for another product.The structure type of the video game console industry is an oligopoly, because the Japanese Nintendo and Sony, and the U.S. Microsoft dominate the market. Particularly, the structure is a differentia ted oligopoly, because solely few companies producing products partially differentiated along lines of price and features.Furthermore, the console industry is characterized by large cost of barriers to entry according to Porters model of five dollar bill competitive forces. It whitethorn cost up to $2 billion to develop a competitive console platform and returns on investment may take several years.16Furthermore, these three console manufacturers have a similar business model consisting of the following three income flows computer hardware salesgross revenue of own software/gamesLicences fees from other software/game developers that use the console platformFinally, Nintendo, Microsoft, and Sony compete on a global basis with nerve centre markets in Japan, Europe and in the United States.Direct competitorsThe following section compares the direct competitors Nintendo, Microsoft and Sony with regard to their products, prices, sales units and game range.Product differentiationFirst o f all, the following table shows the particular specification of each game consoleNintendo WiiMicrosoft Xbox 360Sony PlayStation 3First publication19 November 2006 (USA)22 November 2005 (USA)11 November 2006 (Japan) central processorIBM Broadway PowerPC (729 MHz)Tri-Core Xenon PowerPC (3,2 GHz)PPC Cell PowerPC (3,2 GHz)Graphic chipATI Hollywood (243 MHz)ATI Xenos (500 MHz)nvidia RSX (550 MHz)DrivesOwn format (Wii and GameCube)CD, DVD (external HD-DVD drive available)CD, DVD, Blu-rayMaximal video qualitySDTV = 480p (NTSC) or 576p (PAL/SECAM)HDTV = 480p 720p 1080i/pHDTV = 480p 720p 1080i/p (supports HDMI)Back. compatibilityyesyesyesHDD20 GB20 GB / 60 GBI/OUSB 2.0 (x2), SDUSB 2.0 (x3)USB 2.0 (x4), PE MemoryStick, SD CompactFlashCommunicationIEEE 802.11b/gEthernet unnecessary feature Wlan-AdapterEthernet, Bluetooth 2.0, Wireless Controller, IEEE 802.11b/g (only premium edition)Furthermore, both competitors of Sonys PS3 provide an internet platformMicrosoft Xbox Live ArcadeXbox Live Arcade (XBLA) is an online service that is employ to distribute video games to Xbox 360 owners. Thereby, Microsoft offers an Xbox Live Marketplace, a virtual market place, where consumers can download movie and game trailers, game demos, Xbox Live Arcade games, gamer tag images, and Xbox 360 Dashboard themes.17The consumers can pay with Microsoft Points, which can be purchased by credit cards.Nintendo WiiConnect24It allows distributing content such as software patches and updated game contents go the Wii is on stand-bye.18Price strategyNintendo offers the cheapest price in the game console market. Therefore, the company dispense with some extra features such as DVD drives or HDTV quality. Contrary, Sonys PlayStation 3 offers the newest technology with a plenty of accessories, but also the highest price. The following list shows the current prices in January 200719Nintendo WiiMicrosoft Xbox 360Sony PlayStation 3Ca. 250 ccc 400 (HDD-drive costs 200 extra)Basic edition 500 tribu te edition 600 Market share in Japan and U.S.The following figures show how many game consoles each of the manufacturers has sold in Japan and U.S. during the last months2021Whereas Nintendos Wii was the market leader during the Christmas time in Japan, Microsofts Xbox 360 could sell the most units in the United States.GamesAn important criterion for buyers is the volume of games which are available for each game console. At the moment, Microsofts Xbox 360 consists of 82 exclusive games and 132 cross-platform games. In contrary, Nintendo offers 55 exclusive and 96 cross-platform games for its Wii. For Sonys PlayStation 3, 43 exclusive and 77 cross-platform games are planned.Figure 5 Available games for each console (Source GAMEZONE)22Market concept of competitionDue to the fact, that the PlayStation 3 is more a multimedia centre than only a game console, we have to consider more competitors as only game console manufacturers. Therefore, we used the approach of Rayport and Jaworski t o identify direct and verifying competitors by mapping the buyers steps in using the product.23The following figure shows the PS3s direct and indirect competitorsFigure 6 Competitor Map Sony PlayStation 3Summarized, Sonys PlayStation 3 competes not only with other video game console companies, but also with PC manufactures and other high technology producers.Sonys PS3 offers as well a Linux operating system a plenty of functionalities such as Internet to attract previous PC users and to expand its market. This approach is comparable with Coca-Cola which identifies milk, coffee, tea, and water products as its main competitors.24Finally, Figure 7 shows Sonys market position with regard to technology and price compared with its video game console competitorsFigure 7 Market position of the main video game consolesProduct Unique selling propositionThe unique selling proposition is a marketing approach to promote a products benefit and to convince customers that the company can deliv er it.For Sonys PlayStation 3, the main benefit, especially compared with its competitors, is its functionality as a multimedia centre and its state-of-the-art technology. Nevertheless, Sony has to consider that its targeted consumers are located in different market segments with different demands and wishes. Therefore, the company has to develop different unique selling propositions.First considering the video game hardcore fans segment, these costumers want to have the best and newest technology. Due to the fact, that the PS3 fulfil these requirements at best compared with its competitors, Sony should promote this in its advertisements, especially in game magazines.Furthermore, Sony wants to attract also middle-age consumers and families. The most benefit for these customers is to use the PlayStation 3 as a multimedia system which offers a variety of functionalities. Therefore, the company should focus on its multimedia range.Summarized, the companys unique selling proposition sho uld consist of newest technology and multimedia-functionality.To emphasize this, Sony uses a short slogan after every mention of its products. In the United States, Sony evokes the following slogan Play Beyond. People should associate therewith that the PS3 is not only a game console which enables playing video games, but also a system which allows playing in High Digital quality and getting a feeling of reality. Furthermore, the PS3 offers more than playing video games, it is a multimedia system that can be used for different pleasures such as Internet surfing or watching movies that can also be taken as a kind of playing.However, Sony uses a different slogan for the European market. The reason is that people with few English skills will not bring in the impact of Play Beyond or will be see wrongly. Therefore, Sony uses the following slogan in Europe This is living. The slogan is really sincere and uses words which can be understood by not English-speakers. Consumers can associ ate that the PS3 delivers a kind of living standard and ensures to enjoy living. Furthermore, its a relation to PS3s multimedia functionalities which are desired for every household these days. It emphasizes that the game console is the core of living room entertainment.DistributionSupply chainWith the video game industry being the fastest growing sector of the growing entertainment industry, the industrys revenue has now reached $26 billion in annual revenue and there is currently no indication of decline in the industry. So, in order to identify how the revenue is distributed, its essential to gestate at the supply chain of the entire PS3 business. As seen in the supply chain, there are opportunities in many aspects of the console business, coming from the literal console sales as well as extras such as games.Figure 8 Original supply chain for video games.25The customers, as identified by our segmentation analysis table, are at the end of the supply chain, and their consuming of video games are distributes across several actors.Additionally, the most known among the actors are of course the hardware manufacturers, which include Sony, Nintendo and Microsoft. Except for the revenue coming from the console sales, they also get about 20% of the market price for the games, which are mostly sold in the growth take aim of the product life-cycle. The additional revenue in the supply chain is let out among the other actors.Looking more closely at the publishers and developers, we realize that the publishers are likely to take a large portion of the revenue. Those are the large international companies that have sufficient funds to build a distribution network and employ developers to pull off new best-selling games for the consoles. Hardware manufacturers usually try to pull off deals with these companies when they identify potential best-selling games because the top 3.3% of the games bring in 55% of the sales revenue. For this reason, some hardware manufacturers , most notable Microsoft, tend to buy top-creative publishers to secure exclusive rights of new games for their console.Because of the complexity with world-wide game launches, there are almost always distribution partners in the chain, those accounts for an estimate of 10% of the shelf price.Next are the retail channels, which include online stores as well as retail stores. However, they are becoming increasingly bypassed in the supply chain, as discussed in the next generation supply chain (described in detail below). When they do exist in the supply chain though, they take an estimate of 30% of the shelf price.Developers are a mix of artists and engineers that create the actual games played on the console. Typically, they are funded by the publishers and together they take between 40 to 60% of the shelf price.Notably, in recent years another actor have also entered the supply chain as the industry have grow

Causes Of The Indian Removal Act Architecture Essay

Causes Of The Indian remotion suffice Architecture EssayThe Indian remotion Act of 1830 was unf gray-haireded was during a cartridge holder of contradictions. While it was a period of expanding democratic institutions, it also pointed to everyplacet limitations of that ut nighming. States largely abolished property restrictions on voting and as the Western enclosure was being expanded, it meant more(prenominal) opportunities of settlement for black-and-blueneds. However, the Western unload of promise spelled happening for the indigenous peoples who lived with the washrags. No one amend understood the contradictions of this age of democracy than the Cherokees, who adopted macrocosmy of the white institutions only to suffer from the tyranny of the absolute majority and were forced to the West against their cash in ones chips behind. In this study, I leave behind answer the hesitation What were the causes of the Indian remotion Act of 1830 and what were its effec ts upon the Cherokee body politic? Before the act, the Ameri shag organisation sought to civilize and integrate the Native Americans into their finale, and the Cherokees were an example of the successes of assimilation. I will explore why thither was such a of import shift in American policies toward the Native Americans from assimilation to removal. I will also discuss the long term effects of the Indian Removal Act that negatively altered the internal organization of the tribes and created situationions within the Cherokee nation. I relied on both primary and secondary sources to understand both Americans and the Cherokees perspectives on the act. In my research, I discovered the grievances harbored by the Cherokee nation when the American policies were heightend and implemented. The Indian Removal Act is, without a question, a Cherokee tragedy, besides it is also an American tragedy. The Cherokees had believed in the promise of democracy by the join States, and their dis appointment is a legacy that every Americans sh are.IntroductionThe Cherokees were only one of the existencey Native Americans forcibly remove in the first base half of the nineteenth century, but their experiences call for a particular significance and poignancy. The Cherokees, more than any separate homegrown people in their time, tried to adopt the Anglo-American culture. In a remarkably short time, they transformed their society and modified their traditional culture to conform to United States policies, to fulfill the expectations of white politicians, and virtually centrally, to preserve their tribal integrity. This elegance insurance required a total reorganization of the phantasmal and social world of the Cherokees. They establish schools, demonstrable written virtues, and abolished family revenge. Cherokee women became composite in spinning and weaving while the men raised pedigree and planted crops. Some Cherokee even built columned plantation houses and b ought slaves. hind end C. Calhoun, secretary of war, frames to Henry Clay, Speaker of the House of Repre displaceatives on January 15, 1820, The Cherokees exhibit a more favorable appearance that any some other tribe of Indians. They are already established two flourishing schools among them. (Ehle 154). By adopting the white culture, the Cherokees want to gain white respect. Acculturation was also a defensive chemical mechanism to prevent further loss of visit and extinction of native culture. crimson more adamant Cherokees firmly believed that civilization was preferable to their traditional expression of life. The progress of the Cherokees astounded many whites who travelled through their county in the primeval nineteenth century. Adding to these achievements, a Cherokee named Sequoyah invented a syllabary in 1820 that enabled the Cherokees to read and write in their own language. They also increased the amount of written laws and established a bicameral legislature. B y 1827, the Cherokees had also established a overbearing court and a constitution very similar to those of the United States. Their educate men even att finish the American Boards seminary in Cornwall, Connecticut, and could read Latin and Greek as well as understand the white mans philosophy, history, theology, and regime (Anderson 7).The Cherokees exceeded the goals proposed for the Indians by various United States professorships from George Washington and Andrew Jackson. In the words of a Cherokee scholar, the Cherokees were the mirror of the American Republic. On the eve of Cherokee removal to the air jacketern United States, many white Americans considered them to be the most refine of all natives peoples (Anderson 24). What then caused the Cherokees to be removed? Why were they forced to abandon homes, schools, and churches? From demographic shifts to the rise in giving medicational factions, the ensuing conflicts that arising from the Indian Removal Act of 1830 sol ace affect the live Cherokee nation today. Causes of the Indian Removal ActIt is important to recognize that the finish of the Jackson administration to remove the Cherokee Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River in the 1830s was more a reformulation of the national policy that had been in effect since the 1790s than a change in that policy. In the early years of the Republic, seizure of Indian land was a way of civilizing Native Americans. First articulated by George Washingtons deposit of War, Henry Knox, on July 2, 1791 in the accordance of Holston, the policy of seizing native lands was that the Cherokee Nation may be led to a greater tier of civilization, and to become herdsmen and cultivators, alternatively of remaining in a state of hunters. The United States will from time to time furnish gratuitous the said nation with useful implements of husbandry. On the surface, the original goal of the civilization policy seemed philanthropic. qualification civilized men out of savages would benefit the Native Americans and the new nation as well as ensure the progress of the human accelerate (Bernard Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction Jeffersonian Philanthropy and the American Indian, 119). However, the policy represented attempts to seize the Cherokee lands. Knox and his successors reasoned that if Indians gave up hunting, their hunting grounds will become redundance land that they would willingly exchange for bills to support education, agriculture and other civilized pursuits (Perdue 25). For this reason, coercing the Indians to cede their hunting grounds would actually accelerate acculturation because they would no longer occupy the forest when they had fields to till. Thomas Jefferson, who became president in 1801, shared Knoxs tones. Jeffersons negotiating tactics were far more aggressive than anything Knox pictured as Jefferson vagabonded his agents to intensify the pressure on tribes to sell more and larger tracts of land. Soon, he let it be k directn that treats, intimidation, and bribery were agreeable tactics to get the job done (Anderson 35). Jefferson, with his aggression, merely uncovered that these civilization policies were non for the benefit of the Native Americans. Rather, the assimilation policy was a mask policy of removal of the Native Americans by the American government. It is therefore important to identify that the cause of the Indian Removal Act did non embark on in the 1830s, but rather culminated in the early nineteenth century. However, more immediate reasons did cause sex act to pass the Indian Removal Act of 1830 during Jacksons presidency. The factors contributing to the fate of the Cherokees were the find of gold on Cherokee land, the issue of states rights, and the issuance of scientific racism. American speculators coveted the nearly five million solid ground the Cherokee Nation refused to sell. Whites desired land for settlement purposes as property was an unambiguous measure of wealth in the South. The southerners also desired more hoidenish land as the invention of the cotton wool gin make cotton a lucrative business. In addition, intrusion into Cherokee lands became more urgent with the discovery of gold on its land in 1829. Also, the Americans began to embrace a belief in white superiority and the static nature of the red man in the period after(prenominal) the 1820s. Many Americans concluded, Once an Indian, always an Indian (Anderson 35). Culture, they believed, was innate, not learned. However civilized an Indian may appear, he hold a savage nature. When the civilization program failed to transform the Indians overnight, many Americans back up that the savages should not be permitted to remain in midst of a civilized society. Though earlier in his letter to Clay, Calhoun had praised the progress of the Cherokees, he concludes the letter writing, Although partial advances may hand over been made under the present arrangement to civilize the In dians, I am of an opinion that, until there is a stem change in the system, any efforts which may be made moldiness fall short of complete success. They must be brought under our dominance and laws, or they will insensibly waste away in infirmity and misery. The condescending tone that Calhoun larns to describe the Cherokees reveals the racist military capability of the early nineteenth century and sheds light onto one of the reasons why Americans urged Congress to remove Indians from their homelands. In this racist atmosphere of Georgia, another vital cause of removal was states rights. Although the Cherokees reason saw their constitution as a crowning achievement, whites, especially Georgians, viewed it as a challenge to states rights because the Cherokee territory was within the boundaries of four states. The 1827 Cherokee Constitution claimed sovereignty over tribal lands, establishing a state within a state. Georgians claimed that such a legal maneuver violated the Unit ed States constitution and that the federal government was doing nothing to remedy the situation. Sympathetic the Georgians cries was Andrew Jackson, who became president 1829. As a helper of the Republican doctrine of state sovereignty, he firmly supported a national policy of Indian removal and defended his stand by assert that removal was the only course of action that could save the Native Americans from extinction. Jacksons attitude toward Native Americans was patronizing, describing them as children in need of guidance and believed the removal policy was beneficial to them. To congressional leaders, he assured them that his policies would enable the federal government to place the Indians in a region where they would be free of white encroachment and jurisdictional disputes between the states and federal government. He sought congressional approval of his removal policy and stated to Captain James Gadsden in October 12, 1829 that the policy would be generous to the Indians an d at the similar time would stomach the United States to exercise a parental control over their interests and by chance perpetuate their race. Though not all Americans were convinced by Jacksons and his assurances that his motives and methods were philanthropic, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 that allowed 1) the federal government the power to relocate any Native Americans in the east to territory that was west of the Mississippi River 2) the president to set up districts within the Indian grime for the reception of tribes agreeing to land exchanges, and 3) the payment of indemnities to the Indians for assistance in accomplishing their resettlement, defense in their new settlements, and a continuance of the superintendence and care. Effects of the Indian Removal ActThe Removal Act of 1830 remaining many things unspecified, including how the removal of the east Indian nations would be arranged. During Jacksons administration, one of the most important Cherokee groups that decided to leave was led by the powerful Ridge family. At the beginning of the sputter against removal, the Ridge family firmly supported Chief arse Ross, one of the elect leaders of the tribe. Ross and his people also believed that the Cherokees years of peace, achievements, and contributions gave them the right to remain on land that was legally theirs. However, the Ridges soon decided that the struggle to reenforcement the Cherokee lands in the east was a lost cause. major(ip) Ridge had been one of the first to recognize that Indians had no hope against whites in war. Two factions then developed within the tribe the majority, who supported Chief Ross in his struggle to confine their homeland in the East, and the conformity Group, who thought the only solution was to migrate to the West. Rather than lose all they had to the states in the East, the Ridge party, without the consent of Ross, write the Treaty of clean Echota in December 1835. They conformity conve yed to the United States all lands owned, claimed, or possessed by the Cherokee Nation east of the Mississippi River. Major Ridge explained his decision to give up the Cherokee homeland saying, We cannot stay here in safety and comfortWe can never forget these homesI would willingly go against to preserve them, but any forcible effort to keep them will cost us our lands, our lives and the lives of our children (Gilbert 21).By Cherokee law, the tribe owned all land in common, no individual or minority group had a right to dispose of it. Army officer Major William Davis who was hired to participate the Cherokees for removal, wrote the secretary of war that nine-tenths of the Cherokees would reject the Treat of brisk Echota That paper called a treat is no treaty at all (Gilbert 23). However, on may 17, 1836, the Senate ratified the Treaty of New Echota by one vote, and on may 23, President Jackson signed the treaty into law. The deadline for removal of all the Cherokees from the E ast was set for May 23, 1838. The Treaty of New Echota was not an honest or fair agreement between the United States and the Cherokee nation. Even Georgia governor William Schley, admitted that it was not made with the sanction of their leaders (Ehle 244). However, in January 1837, slightly sise hundred wealthy members of the Treaty semipolitical party emigrated west, a full year out bearing the forcible deportation of the rest of the Cherokees. Cherokee removal did not take place as a single expulsion but instead spanned many years. In the late summer of 1838, a detachment of Cherokees began to make pass the stockade where they had been held for many months awaiting the long journey to their new home west of the Mississippi. Some Cherokees had voluntarily moved west, though most remained in their homelands, still not believing they would be forced to leave. In 1838, the Cherokees were disarmed, and General Winfield Scott was sent to oversee their removals. arse G. Burnett, a soldier who participated in the removal describe the event saying, Women were dragged from their homes by soldiers. Children were often separated from their parents and attemptn into the stockades with the sky for a blanket and the earth for a pillow. And often the old and inform were prodded with bayonets to hie them to the stockades (Ehle 393). Those forced from their homeland departed with heavy hearts. Cherokee George Hicks lamented, We are now about to take our final leave and kind farewell to our native land, the commonwealth that the Great Spirit gave our FathersIt is with sorrow that we are forced by the white man to quit the scenes of our childhood (Anderson 37). For Cherokees, the Georgian land had meaning far deeper than its commercial value. Their culture and creation tied them to this place, and now they were being compelled to abjure their homes and march west. Above all, Cherokees lost faith in the United States. In one Kentucky town, a local resident asked an elderly Indian man if he remembered him from his service the United States Army in the Creek War. The old man replied, Ah My life and the lives of my people were then at stake for you and your country. I then thought Jackson my best friend. But ah Jackson no serve me right. Your country no do me justice now (New York Observer, January 26, 1839, quoted in Foreman 305-307.)Exposure and fatigue during the deportation weakened immune systems, making the Cherokees susceptible to diseases such as measles, whooping cough, dysentery, and respiratory infections. The number of Cherokees who perished on the chase after of Tears, the name given to the 826 mile route taken took them west, is hard to determine. The most commonly cited figure for deaths is 4,000, approximately one quarter of the Cherokees, and is an estimate made by Dr. Elizur Butler, a missionary who accompanied the Cherokees (Anderson 85). By his own count, John Ross supervised the removal of 13,149, and his detachment reported 424 deaths and 69 births along with 182 desertions. A United States official in Indian Territory counted 11,504 arrivals, a difference of 1,645 when compared to the total of those who departed the East. Sociologist Russell Thorton has speculated that removal cost the Cherokees 10,000 individuals between 1835 and 1840, including the children that victims would have produced have they survived (Anderson 93). Therefore, the overall demographic effect was far greater than the actual number of casualties. When the Ross detachments arrived in the spring of 1839 to the Indian Territory, melding with the Treaty political party who left before the forcible removal was a daunting task. Removal had shattered the intercellular substance of Cherokee society, ripping them from their ancestral sources and shaking their infant institutions of government. Civil war fall in forth as the political chasm brought on by the Treaty of New Echota divided the Cherokee Nation. For more than a decade, the Cherokee fought this bloody civil war, and a falsify version of the old clan revenge system reemerged. In June 1839, between six and seven thousand Cherokees assembled at Takatoka Camp Ground to determine the looming political crisis. Chief John Ross insisted on the continuation of the eastern Cherokee government for several reasons. The Cherokee Nation had a written constitution and an elaborate law code and government, and they did constitute a substantial majority. However, the United States saw the Treaty Party as true patriots, Ross as a villain, and the recent emigrants as savages, thwarting all efforts to reconcile the divided factions in the Cherokee nation.When the meeting ended with a compromise to be voted on a later date, cl field of study Party men met secretly and decided that the Cherokees who had signed the Treaty of New Echota were traitors who had violated the Cherokee law prohibiting the unauthorized sale of land. Early on the morning of June 22, one group dra gged John Ridge from his bed and stabbed him to death. some other party shot Major Ridge as he traveled along a road in Arkansas, killing him instantly. About the same time, a third group came to Elias Boudinots house and split his head with a tomahawk. Reacting to these acts of violence, the Treaty Party remained opposed to any government dominated by the interior(a) Party. They held their own councils and sent delegates to Washington to seek federal protection and the arrest of the persons responsible for the killings. Most of the Treaty Party continued to reject the act of union and bitterly opposed any concession to the National Party, widening the ripening political chasm. However, as long as the National Party refused to ratify the Treaty of New Echota, the nationalist Cherokees were refused payment of its annuities and funds by the federal government. The relative prosperity of the Treaty Party members ignite the dormant resentments of the impoverished Cherokees who had suffered the agony of the Trail of Tears (McLoughlin 17). In order to affirm the sovereignty of the Cherokee Nation and to alleviate the suffering of his people, Ross pressed for a renegotiation of the fraudulent Treaty of New Echota. While Ross was in Washington in the summer of 1842, violence in the Cherokee Nation escalated as members of the Treaty Party began killing individuals who they believed had been responsible for the death of their leaders. Gangs began to attack and kill other Cherokee citizens, most of whom were identified with the National Party, but became impossible to distinguish between political violence and common crime. The Starr gang, for example, coalesced around James Starr, a signer of the Treaty of New Echota. Under the guise of political resistance, Starrs sons and others terrorized the Cherokee nation. In 1843, they dispatch a white visitor to the Cherokee Nation and also burned down in the mouth the home of John Ross daughter. The violence gave the fe deral government an excuse to keep troops at Fort Gibson, decry the inefficacy of the Nations government and intervene further in Cherokee affairs. The Treaty Party renewed their hope of undermining Ross strength since federal officials tended to blame Ross for the carnage (Perdue 156).The letters during the time of this Cherokee civil war reflected the fear and anguish felt by the people. In November 1845, Jane Ross Meigs wrote to her father, Chief John Ross, The country is in such a state just now that there seems little back upment for people to build good houses or make anything. I am so nervous I can scarce write at all. I hope it will not be long youll be at home but I hope that the country will be settled by that time too (Rozema 198). Less than a year later, Sarah Watie of the Treaty Party wrote her husband, I am so tired of living this way. I dont believe I could live one year longer if I knew that we could not get settled, it has wore my spirits out just the thoughts o f not having a good homeI am perfectly sick of the world (Perdue 141).An uneasy peace came to the Cherokee Nation after the United States government forced the tribal factions to sign a treaty of agreement in Washington in 1846. The Cherokees, under Ross leadership was to be sovereign in their new land. It also brought the per capita payments so desperately undeniable for economic recovery of the Cherokee Nation. However, with this treaty, the Cherokees were caught in a series of contradictions. Cherokee leaders cute to convince the white population that they were capable of managing their own affairs if left to their own self-government. But economically, they were tied to the financial aid of the federal government, growing ever more dependent on American funds. Furthermore, in midst of this peace, the Cherokees could not cast aside old fears that continued to haunt them. If whites could drive them from Georgia, why not from this place? From this fear spawned an attitude of dist rust toward the American government that is still present in some Cherokee societies today (Anderson 115). final stageThe causes of the Indian Removal Policy of 1830 are numerous and varied in interpretation. Some historians have equated Jacksons removal policy with Adolph Hitlers Final Solution and have even called it genocide (Peter Farbs The Indians of North America from Primeval Times to the glide slope of the Industrial State New York E. P. Dutton, 1968). Not only did he encourage the geographical separation of Indians and whites, but thousands of Native Americans perished in the process. Whether or not he advocated this mass extinction of Indians, Jackson on the political front was a staunch supporter of state sovereignty and could not track Georgias rights to the Cherokees expansive lands. In addition to the impact on the Cherokee demographics, the Treaty of New Echota caused factions within the Cherokee Nation that broke loyalties and caused them to revert back to old cla n revenge warfare. The resentment that was fostered between the New Party and the Treaty Party created lasting divisions within the Cherokee nation. Moreover, the Cherokee Nation, before the Indian Removal Act, had prided itself on the fact that it had adapted to white institutions with great degrees of success. However, engaging in clan warfare, the Cherokees took a step back in progress when embroiled in such violence that was primarily caused by the Treaty of New Echota. Furthermore, the Cherokees remained dependent on federal governments economic assistance when they were seeking to prove that they could function better as a soverign nation. The removal of the Cherokees west of the Mississippi is one of the sterling(prenominal) tragedies in United States history. While the Cherokees have shown incredible resilience in recovering from the decimating effects of their removal, the injustice they faced from fraudulent treaties, ethnocentric intolerance, and anti-Semite(prenominal) laws will forever stain Americas history.

National ID cards in the UK: Debates For and Against

subject field ID bill of fares in the UK Debates For and AgainstIntroducing discipline ID gameboards in the linked Kingdom.The concept of this outline to introduce National ID card in the UK, is so that any legal citizen of the United Kingdom should be able to swear their identity simply by producing this card and thence prove their obligation to be within the UK without argument. It bequeath do this by holding exuberant personal data to specifically identify a person as the individual they are claiming to be without question.You whitethorn wonder why the presidential term feel this a unavoidable action and it calculates the main(prenominal) aim of this precis is that the National ID card is ultimately in listed to assist with law enforcement predominantly in singing to terrorism and organised crime. One of the main criteria for this system of rules therefore, is that the cards should not be easily forged so that anyone need to flout the law could do so easily.T hese cards are merely intended to hold basic data about a person, just enough to prove their identity. Howalways it seems the definition of this basic data seems about ambiguous. Primarily, for example, it is intended that the card ordain and hold information regarding a persons name, address, date of birth and address etc. Scratch the surface however, and it seems that the developed proposal for the ID card embraces much more technologically sophisticated designs because, as previously stated, it aims to avoid beingness easily forged. Therefore it is intended that it leave behind also hold biometric data, that is to say, data that proves a much more bodily individuality, much(prenominal) as fingerprint impressions or glad scans. It will do this through implementing the opportunities now do available to us through the ever advancing forms of ICT ( tuition and Communication Technology).All this in mind it seems the introduction of National ID cards within the United Kingd om seems to be one of the just about policy-makingly sensitive topics around at this current moment, with people parameter both in reserve and opposition of the synopsis, regarding whether it will protect or reign all oer us.In the aftermath of September the 11th we had perhaps construct more aware than we had been previously, that we were vulnerable to approach shot from Terrorists who despised the Western capitalistic Culture such as that which exists both within the UK and the States where the attack took orient. It was a shock to thousands, if not millions of us all over the world, as we were humbled to witness the devastation that this attack, and attacks like it can cause. For those in support of the National ID card, they claim that terrorist attacks would mean that it would be much more tangled for a terrorist trying to initiate a plan via an assumed mistaken identity because of the designs previously outlined. The idea is that the authorities would question them too smartly once they inevitably failed to produce a logical ID card, and therefore be obstruct their terrorist strategies. thusly one of the intimately adamant supporters of this argument is Mr David Blunkett who is quoted as sayingThe ability to prove ones identity reliably is an ever-more important tone of redbrick life. (www. earthly concerntechnology.net/modules)Indeed Mr Blunketts perspective on this issue is that it represents the answer to our upkeep in fear of attack, as the cards are proposed to be so technologically advanced they will be impossible to forge. Whether this is a valid claim endures to be seen.In addition, the scheme is also seen as a solution to serious and organised crime with the UK and also ostensibly much more ein truthday issues such assisting in the efficiency of public services. Bases persuasive techniques on the basis that those with nothing to hide will all benefit.From this we can see both what the National ID card is intended to be, and why the Government in the main, support this scheme, particularly in light of the war Against Terrorism. However as previously mentioned, the National ID card scheme is a sensitive current affair and does seem to be suitable an increasing Political Hot Potato with concerns raising particularly in relation to our Human Right to retirement and how these may perchance be infringed upon by advancing forms of ICT. Even though a person may take aim nothing to hide they may feel that the schemes enforces extra control over them rather than protecting them. Despite assurances from the Government that only precise basic data will be held on these cards and that only the Government and ourselves (subject to the Data Protection Act 1998) will have a right to access the information, we are aware that in order to distinguish these cards practically impossible to forge the link has to be made between sophisticated forms of ICT in order to incorporate features such iris scans and fingerpri nt impressions etc. As a consequence of this, the use of modern technology seems to have caused panic through an idea that we will locomote a nightspot under the constant supervision of Big pal and that everyone could potentially know our business. In short, there is an opposition to the National ID card as it is suggested it will meet upon our accomplished rights to privacy, and that rather than the scheme being one to protect us, it would ultimately make up one to control us in perhaps what could be identified as a communist trait and therefore undermine the very structure of our current capitalistic society.Indeed an entire website named say No2ID and the Database State is base on the very foundation of this argument. In comparison to the Governments webpage (www.identitycards.gov.uk) of frequently asked questions, which only briefly touches on the issue. Notably only one question on this page tie in to ICT specifically and that didnt really address the concern of ICT ex posing our business, rather it related only to defining biometric dataA biometric is a unique identifying strong-arm characteristic. Examples include facial recognition, iris patterns and fingerprints.( www.identitycards.gov.uk)Basically it would seem that those in oppostion tend to be in fear because the design of the cards is intended to be so advanced that most of us will not be able to fully understand the extent to which we are monitored by this scheme. In essence there seems to be an almost operantly conditioned response amongst the opposition, based on previous experience that our human rights will be sacrificed against our will and thus demolish the UKs characteristic liberal approach to elegant rights and its Capitalist structure.For example, as recently as the 27th November 2005 it was revealed by the escape on Sunday that the database for the Driver Vehicle and Licensing Agency (DVLA) is actually profiting by selling our data to would be wheel clampers. The scenario bei ng that for a miserable fee, car park attendants and wheel clampers could forward bills to motorists home addresses because they were provided with them by the DVLA. Indeed the DVLA were exposed as even allowing one wheel clamping company to acquire the information (for as little as 2.50 per transaction) whose two bosses were actually already in prison for crimes of extorting money from the Motorist.From this we can see that even when prize organisations such as the DVLA are allowed to hold personal data on us we can sometimes be exploited in the pursual of profit and therefore we can perhaps begin to understand the concerns arising over the National ID card.All this in mind, it is perhaps now relevant to slang this knowledge in order to assess how the scheme will modify the current structure of society within the UK.As a right away overview the UK exists as a Capitalist Society, which thrives on a democratic judicature and allows us our civil human rights such as the right to privacy. This would seem quite a positive description, especially in light of how civil rights have so vehemently been fought for in the past, particularly in relation to the movement to support the rights of black people that took place in America during the 1960s. Indeed it is important to acknowledge that both those who support and oppose the scheme do so because they are fearful for the survival of that political complaisant structure, despite the extremities of approach to the topic i.e., 1. by believing the cards will protect us, or 2) that they will to undermine us.For those in support of the National ID card, it is perhaps a representation of reformism. Meaning that it seems to be an example of a Political Policy whose object is to modify a political confide or aspect of social legislation without changing the fundamental political social structure. (Jary D Jary J, 1999) Yet for those in opposition that is not the courting and the National ID would in fact change th e fundamental political social structure. If as suggested by those in opposition to the scheme that we will become a database state surely we are changing the fundamental political structure of our society as we seem to be relinquishing a great deal of our privacy in order to accommodate such concepts. The concern is that we may perhaps sleep walk our way over to a more politically left / socialist standpoint and therefore sacrifice our Capitalist structure which arguably at this point in time defines the UK. If this is the instance then we could perhaps argue that the decision to corroborate ourselves against terrorists would in fact actually result in us allowing the terrorists to win, as the Capitalist structure would in fact wither naturally.One of the most prevalent characteristics of society within the United Kingdom is surely that of Capitalism, and and so one of the main reasons we are vulnerable to terrorist attacks by organisations like nucleotide who oppose it. Whilst there are variations to the definitions of Capitalism as it is notoriously sticky to define, it would seem that the rejection of centralised control is one of the most prevalent motivations of a Capitalist structure. If we were to take on board those, for example who adamantly guess to say No2ID, then we would arguably be acting in the interest on maintaining our social structure of a Capitalist state as they are rejecting avenues for an influx of databases that may ultimately result in a society which will exist via centralised control in this case through the medium of databases. Whats next providing babies with barcodes?What makes this topic so complex henceforth is that those who are on the other of the fence and support scheme such as Mr Blunkett are in fact motivated by this very same desire to preserve and protect our Capitalist state, and so it seems that this is one of the rare political topics that actually where the aim is actually concur upon by the majority of the nation even if the method is disputed.As alluded to sooner all sorts of arguments exist in relation to the ID card and specifically the impact ICT. We faculty feel that we could be blinded by science and exploited. We might also be justified in feeling that our personal privacy would be exploited by corrupt people in indicant (as is alleged to have happened via the DVLA), however it is also felt a necessary ploy in order to avoid counterfeit duplication. All possibly valid arguments, however, what hasnt been discussed is the actual practical application of this scheme. If, we were to embrace Mr Blunketts main reasoning for the scheme, then surely Police would be encouraged to boss and stop those who they felt could possibly be terrorists. In light of the nemesis from Al-Qaeda this is surely likely to result in a pagan divide, as they would likely stop Asian people thought to control the Islamic religion, rather than white people. In relation to the topic of the well-bred Rig hts movement, mentioned earlier, we would arguably be promoting a shift back towards racism. Since the UK is a place that manages to embrace aspects of Liberalism (a concept which promotes such tolerance of religion and personal and stinting freedom) without challenging the Capitalism in society, the introduction of the ID card would arguably be a backlash against such positive traits and be quite disappointing.Whether in support of the ID card or in extreme opposition, it does seem that it is inevitable as talks persist and plans continue. It would seem that both sides of this argument have a substantial weight to them. However, change and diversity within society is surely inevitable. Its surely what defines our history and characterises our culture. For the UK, it would seem that the National ID card will be one of those most significant changes to occur in the next few years. Yet surely it is better to evolve than remain in a static culture otherwise we would never advance. sur e a risk is worth taking even if we are not always in agreement or sure of the consequences.BibliographyCushing, S (2001) Information and Communication Technology London Letts EducationalDonnellan, C (2004) Protecting Our cover Cambridge MWL Print GroupJary, D Jary, J. (1999) Sociology Leicester HarperCollins PublishersWebsiteswww.identitycards.gov.ukhttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3568468.stmwww.news-from-newspapers.com/en/Wikipedia.org/2005/04/21/Capitalism.htmlhttp//www.no2id.net/www.publictechnology.net/modules)http//www.spy.org.uk/spyblog/2005/11/ (Mail on Sunday 27th November 2005)http//www.timesonline.co.uk