Theories of Perception and Perception in the Workplace

Theories of learning and recognition in the piece of work breedingPerception great deal be termed as the ability to jaw, hear, or be mystify aw atomic number 18 of fewthing through the senses. It gutter be unders as well asd as the way in which something is regarded, understood and interpreted. In our day to day activities we distinguish things constantly. Perception is a puzzle step forward by which individuals organize and interpret their receptive impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.Various authors stupefy defined Perception as follows The best and the just about beautiful things in the human flowerpot non be seen, nor touchedbut argon felt in the fondness of attention Hellen KellerTo begin with, our perception of the world is deformed, incomplete. Then our memory is selective. Fin tout ensembley, writing transforms. Claude SimonPerception includes our five senses i.e. touch, sight, taste smell and taste. It overly involves the cognitive pr ocesses required to process information, such as recognizing the face of a friend or detective work a familiar scent. The perceptual process is a age of locomote that begins with the environment and leads to our perception of a stimulus and an action in solvent to the stimulus. Most of the perception process takes place subconsciously.However what we perceive can be substantially different from objective reality. For example, we whitethorn behold our work as a great place to work favourable workings conditions, interesting business line assignments, good pay, excellent benefits, understanding and responsible for(p) circumspection but someone else may have a different view point than ours. This is referable to the difference in our way of thinking or perception.The Perception Process consists of Three StepsThey atomic number 18Selection brass instrumentInterpretation1. SelectionSelection is the process by which we attend to some things in our environment and non others. Because we be exposed to infinitely much data than we can possibly manage, the first thing our brain helps us do is select the data we want to attend to. Many things contact what data we select out of the environment to attend to, but this is in general a matter of contrast we are attracted to larger things against a littler background and vice versa things that move against a still background, and vice versa things that repeat, things that are familiar in a strange environment, things that are different in a familiar environment, etc. For example if we are walking round a park we may focus on the swings and not the lake. This is due to the fact that we want to focus on the swings because we give greater greatness to it.2. OrganizationWhile we may have selected out and attended to picky proposition data in the environment, many messages are still ambiguous that is, we can arrange the data in to a greater extent(prenominal) than one way. We all can remember from some traini ng exercise or psychology dissever those pictures and images that challenged your perceptual abilities like the one that is both the old haggardly fair sex and the beautiful young muliebrity with a hat but not at the akin time? There are others that are uncouth lines that are both bent and parallel grey spots that wait amidst squares, but are not really there in the physical data? Thats the aforesaid(prenominal) issue plaguing us. Importantly however, notice that in all cases, we cannot see the competing sets of stimuli at the same time. We cannot see the old woman and the young woman at the same time we cannot see the lines as parallel unless we are told to look we cannot see how the man continually ascends the staircase unless we look for other data. The fact that we see one thing and not the other is the way perception works in battle. Of course, its the same physical picture for everyone, so what explains the discrepancy in reality? Again, the same picture for every one the physical data dont run round and rearrange themselves when we blink so why dont we see the same thing?3. InterpretationThe final perceptual process is interpretation, where we assume an assessment or evaluation to the data, or derive a particular understanding of the data. Our interpretations, as do our organizing schema, come from our mental representatives or frames of graphic symbol. former(prenominal) find outs play an alpha exercise in how we interpret data, as wellhead as our assumptions around human nature, and our swayations active tribe, things and events. How we interpret data is also influenced by ad hominem mood, as well as closure, which allows us to add finishing touches to an experience to reduce any uncertainty around the data. It is what allows us to finish another persons sentence for them, or generalize what another person must be like found on what they are wearing or something they say.Various Studies Conducted on PerceptionThere have b een many research and studies done on Perception. or so of them are expatiate below1. Self Perception TheorySelf-perception opening (SPT) is an account ofattitudeformation developed bypsychologistDaryl Bem (1972).According to self-perception theory, people come to know themselves in the same way that they come to know others. They keep their profess behaviors in a variety of slips and then they make attributions about their behaviors.Of course, people are free to make so-called fundamental attribution errors. Most of the time we prefer to attribute the causes of behaviors in others to ad hominemity traits or internal factors, rather than situational ones. We tend to think that another persons actions are ca apply by something within, rather than being caused by circumstances, or external, situational factors. The personality traits to which we attribute our own behaviors can be seen as self-definitions. This is especially true in the place setting of narratives about ourse lves in psychotherapeutics.It may be useful to outline specifically how self-definition operates in discuss and psychotherapy. Such a model can exercise to identify the stages of the process. It should also point out a basis for the interactive nature of therapy.Here is a proposed six-step outline of the self-definition process in counselling and psychotherapy. In a psychotherapy experience, people learn about themselves by observing their own behaviorsThey observe and attend to the things they say about themselves in counselling sessions.The therapist encourages new behaviors, including new recognitions of feelings, new experiences and new cognitions. throng then try out new behaviors, both in and out of the counselling sessions.With the counsellors help, they reflect on these new behaviors What do these behaviors say about their self-definitions?They then redefine their selves according to their new behaviors.Feedback from others, including the counsellor and other members in a group counselling setting, allows them to monitor the changes.It may be that when this sequence occurs, therapists quite often notice that the therapy is working. Perhaps good counselling and psychotherapy experiences can be best understood as instances of heightened self-perception.2. Extrasensory PerceptionExtrasensory perception or ESP refers to the sixth sense in an individual. It was coined by Dr. J. B. Rhine to denote psychic abilities. These psychic abilities included telepathy, clairvoyance, clairaudience and precognition or retro cognition associated with them. He believed that individuals perceive apply their mind senses rather than the physical senses.Experiments and FindingsIna Jephson (1920) was one of the first person to conduct a lead using cards on ESP. She reported mixed findings across twain studies. G.N.M. Tyrrell conducted further experiments using target-selection and data-recording to guess the location of a point of illumine in future. Other experiments of paranormal cognition and ability to retrieve information through token objects were conducted by Whateley Carington and J. Hettinger respectively.In the 1960s, cognitive psychologyandhumanistic psychology were the centre of development. Therefore in line with them, parapsychologists became increasingly interested in the cognitive components of ESP, the subjective experience involved in making ESP responses, and the role of ESP in psychological life. Memory, for instance, was offered as a better model of psi than perception. This called for experimental procedures that were not limited to Rhines favoured forced-choice methodology. Free-response measures, such as used by Carington in the 1930s, were developed with assays to raise the sensitivity of participants to their cognitions. These procedures included relaxation, meditation, REM-sleep, and the Ganzfeld (a loco sensory deprivation procedure).3. Gregory (1970) and Top Down ProcessingPsychologistRichard Gregory (1970) believed that perception is a hypothesis. Heargued that perception is a constructive process. It relies on the approach of top raze processing. ForGregory was of the opinion that perception involves making inferences and best guesses from what we see.He argued that people perceive using their one-time(prenominal) experiences as an anchor in his approach.When we see something, we develop a perceptual hypothesis based on prior knowledge. The hypotheses we develop are nearly always correct. However, on rare occasions, perceptual hypotheses can be disconfirmed by the data we perceive.4. Gibson (1966) and Bottom Up ProcessingJames Gibson (1966)criticized Gregorys handling citing it as artificial and of having no relevance in the real world. It is important to note that Gregory noted these as exceptions in his theory rather than a norm.Gibson was of the opinion that perception is conduct. He believed that there is enough information in our environment to perceive directly.Gibson thought that perception is sensation and we get what we see. He believed that the information we receive about our environment w.r.t. to framing, distance, size, etc. is sufficiently detailed for us to form our own perception.For example, Gibsons support of the argument that perception is direct is parallax motion. As we move through our environment, objects which are close to us annihilate us by faster than those further away. This is most recognisable when we are moving in a fast car.Emerging trends and Challenges globally and in IndiaFactors Affecting Perception in WorkplaceThere are heterogeneous factors that can affect an individuals perception in a workplace. These factors are responsible for the difference in attitudes among employees, absenteeism, turnaround, job satisfaction etc. The various factors are Stereotyping We sometimes see stereotyping in an disposal based on an employees ambit of work. The most common example is that of white-collar employees and blue-collar employees. T he employees from both these stratas have a different perception of each other simply because the sweet of work they do. Though both are contributing towards the growth of the organisation but stereotyping brings different perceptions among themPersonal problems Many a times the personal problems of a worker finds its way into his/her work life. These problems can include death, divorce, gestation etc. A worker going through a personal problem may be grateful that he has a job atleast and works hard to retain the same. On the other hand he sees is colleague as not being so grateful and perceives him/her as lazy.Cultural Difference Cultural Differences may play a major(ip) role in development of perceptions among individuals. These occur due to the upbringing and the past experience of an individual. Asian employees have a tendency to focus more on the relationship with their employer compared to their western counterparts. In America and Britain the emphasis on time management whi ch is secondary to Indian employees.Management Styles If a film director does not interfere in the subordinates work and maintains a distance between them he may be perceived as one who does not care about the employees or their work. However if he interferes, he may be thought to be a person who does not swear anybody.Gender Bias Gender bias and sexual anguish are burning issues that plague all organizations today. What constitutes sexual harassment and what does not is widely influenced by perception. Macabe and Hardman conducted a survey in Australia on sexual harassment and found that white-collar workers perceive and report sexual harassment more than blue-collar ones. The survey found that in white-collar organizations, most women experience sexual harassment. While men were more tolerant than women, women who had experienced it were most likely to report it. In blue-collar organizations, the type of harassment and the people most likely to report it were same but there we re no gender differences as far as sexual harassment is concerned. stopping pointPerception is the way we perceive people, objects and events. A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver in the object, or target, being perceived or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made.When we look at a target and attempt to interpret what we see, our interpretation is heavily influenced by your personal characteristics our attitudes, personality, motives, interests, past experiences, and expectations. For instance, if we expect police officers to be authoritative or young people to be lazy, we may perceive them as such, regardless of their actual traits.The Perception theories too are not cent percent applicable in all cases. This is due to the fact that each individual is different and he has a separate way of thinking. I would like to conclude by face that Perception is about PERCEIVING and it depends on the individual.ReferencesBooksRobbins , Judge and Vohra (2013) Organisational Behaviour Perception and single(a) Decision MakingIn-text reference (Robbin, Judge and Vohra,2013)JournalsR. Michael Boneko (2011). Learning in conflict revisiting the role of perceptionDevelopment and Learning Organizations VOL. 25 NO. 2 2011, pp. 15-17,In-text reference (R.Michael Boneko, 2011)Rostylsaw W. Robak (2001). Self-Definition in Psychotherapy Is it Time to Revisit Self-Perception Theory? sum American Journal of psychology, 15277143, 2001, Vol. 3, Issue 3In-text reference (Rostylsaw W. Robak, 2001)Ellis, A. (2000). Rational affectional behavior therapy.In R. J. Corsini D. Wedding (Eds.), Current Psychotherapies (6supth ed., pp. 168204). Itasca, IL F. E. Peacock Publishers.In-text reference (Ellis, A. ,2000)WebsitesKendra Cherry Perception and the Perceptual Process.Retrieved from the website http//psychology.about.com/od/sensationandperception/ss/In-text reference (Kendra Cherr y)Boundless Psychology Sensation and PerceptionRetrieved from the websitehttps//www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/sensation-and-perception-5/the-basics-of-perception-39/selection-168-12703/In-text reference (Boundless Psychology)Wikipedia Perception TheoriesRetrieved from the website http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/perception-theories.htmlIn-text reference (Perception Theories)