The nature of perfectly competitive markets Essay

The nature of thoroughgoing(a)ly competitive markets - Essay spokespersonThe paper is objective to present two ways of observing at what the consummate competition lowly in terms of neoclassical economics. The very first focus should be on the lack of major power of sensation agent for affecting prices. This matter can be justified by the fact that one consumer or unfaltering is very small if comp atomic number 18d with the entire market and the presence or absence of the firm or consumer does not affect the equilibrium price. The hypothesis of impact of each and every agent on the equilibrium price was done by Aumann in the year of 1964. There are some(a) differences in the midst of the entree of Aumann and the normal textbooks (Robert, 1966). The firms or consumers have their own power to decide the prices of their own products but the affaire is it does not affect the market. Secondly, the consumers and agents consider the price as their parameters. The results of both t he approaches are almost same. Another approach of perfect competition can be achieved in terms of the consumers taking advantage by eliminating the some exchange opportunities that are profitable. The competition in market appends when the arbitrage takes place in market faster. The middling market price can be adjusted if the market is more competitive. It also depends on the impart and demand of the products. According to this approach, the meaning of perfect competition is the adjustments occur instantly in perfect ways. Firstly, the apprehension of the perfect competition needs to be understood. The following properties must be ensured so that a perfect competition is possible many buyers and sellers homogeneous goods full market transparency prevails all market participants are price taker market participants have no influence on the price of the goods No transaction be No taxes free market access In a perfect market, tot impacts demand. Thus, there is barely one pric e where the market is cleared. This is called the equilibrium price. On the basis of market transparency, it is not possible to achieve excess profits. This means no profits on the pay related factors (rent, interest, and wages) beyond production. The provider cannot grade any higher price because they would find no buyers and the buyer can not demand a lower price because no company in the market would offer a lower rate. A market consists of potential buyers, who determine what amount of a commodity should be brought into the market (OSullivan, 2003). The demand from retailers determines the supply of goods. The market is not tied to a particular place but can be seen as abstract. There are different considerations which are provided in a perfect competition market. The problem with perfect competition markets is that after the companies have entered or left the market, equilibrium sets in. This does not let profits to increase and all the companies involved are stuck in a situat ion with no improvement. A demand edit out can be used to explain this. The following demand curve D shows the relationship surrounded by commodity prices and the quantity demanded by the consumer. The demand is determined by the price of the goods. Price is on the Y axis and quantity is on the x axis. Law of demand curve states that other things being equal the demand decreases if the price rises and if the price drops. Thus, the negative demand depends on price. Demand curve refers to a private company, and measures the correlation between output and market price. The demand curve is not only dependent on the

Women activism, 1700-1877 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Women activism, 1700-1877 - Research Paper ExampleSince inception of the 20th century, sociable perception regarding rights and status of women has undergone huge change compargond to the conventional situation. While modernist intellectual development has considerable squeeze in radicalizing such improvement, however, women, in cabaret to protect their rights, liberty and embody status in well-disposed context as that of their male person counterparts, have become more organized. Feminism, in the modern socio-political and philosophical theatre of operations has been provided with special attention from every discipline of sociological studies. However, there is no denial that in order to adjudicate the position of feminism as a poignant socio-political and philosophical discipline it is in like manner historic to acknowledge the history of women activism as well as the gradual process of development of the movement that was gradu completelyy germinating since late 16th cen tury. Compared to the recent situation of women in civilized world they were tremendously challenged and consequently laden in the context of expressing themselves in a patriarchal system that generally refused to grant merit to womens views.1 One of the greatest feminist thinkers of all time, Simone de Beauvoir, in her essay The Second Sex, while attempted to evaluate the position of women in traditional patriarchal system said that a woman in legal injury of patriarchal judgment is nothing but a womb, a mere organism for child production2. She also has specified that every time women have proved their existence as equal to their male counterparts in terms of merit and capacity of accomplishment the uniform system has declared that they are not women, although they are equipped with a uterus like the rest.3 It is clear from these observations that women in hands of the traditional companionable patriarchy are considered as mere instruments of sensuality, objects of attaining ph ysical pleasure, organic manifestation of sensuality and above all they are regarded as organisms without individual identity and human entity. The patriarchy has always denied acknowledging the humane attributes of a woman. The male dominated social system always faced difficulty to share its monopolistic position with young-bearing(prenominal) counterparts and by denying humane attributes or entity of women they actually aimed at oppressing women for its selfish benefits. Thus, in order to revolt against the ceremonious system and secure their rights, social protection and equality the women activists provided highest importance on initiating a moral conversion through cultural and political domain of the 17th and 18th century. The women activists clearly realized that only a prolonged, sincere, and committed mode of protest against the established set up would help them to attain their goals and impression of the same conviction can be received from writing of one of the most eminent women activists of all time, Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) We cannot establish about a moral revolution in a day or year . direct that I have two daughters, I feel fresh strength to work. It is not in swollen that in myself I have experienced all the wearisome cares to which woman in her best body politic is subject.4 Thesis Statement The manifestation and magnitude of women activism as it is experienced throughout the globe has it blood line deep in the history of women activism during early 17th to late 18th century. The participants in activism emphasized primarily on recognition of the relationship between the private realm of home and family and larger system of open power5 in order to introduce the desired moral revolution both on cultural and political grounds so that protection for women rights, social equality and recognition as equal human entities as that of their male counte

Compare & Contrat (ancient) greece &rome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Compare & Contrat (ancient) greece &capital of Italy - Essay ExampleThere are lot of similarities and differences between these two ancient civilizations. This paper before long ex athletic fields the similarities and differences between these two great civilizations of all time. two Greek and capital of Italy civilizations originated in cities. Greece was situated arise the coastal area whereas Rome was located in the geographical middle of a generally north-south plain b severalizeed on the east with mountains and on the west by the sea (Comparisons Between the Ancient Greeks and Romans)Both the ancient Romans and the Greeks enjoyed recreational activities a lot. Many of the sports and games at present are the modifications of the ancient Greek and Rome recreational activities. For example the current form of wrestling and boxing has originated from these civilizations. In fact these civilizations can be considered as the originators of recreational activities in the world. Ancie nt Greeks were succeeded in inventing Olympic Games for the recreational purpose. Every city in Greece and Rome had at least one gym during this period. Both the civilizations were well aware of the need of somatogenetic workouts to keep the health intact. Moreover, the women friendship also had their own ways of recreation. Music, drama, dance, and poetry were some of the common items among the women community for recreational purposes during this period (Ancient Greece)The Flavian Amphitheater or Colosseum Was Erected by Flavian Emperors in Rome for recreational activities during this period. The purpose of the Colosseum was to lead entertainment to the public and the Roman emperors.The games included were gladiatorial contests, wild-beast hunts, and reenactment of battles the Romans had fought. Collosseums were constructed in oval shape in order to give all the spectators a clear view of what was going on inside. The modern construction technology of modern football grounds c an be attributed to the

Court Decision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Court Decision - Essay ExampleTherefore, honourable like his wife, Joseph was supposed to readily relinquish his parental rights because he had failed to meet the legal requirements of a parent. As a father, he was not expected to spend such a long period of sentence without getting in blotto contact with his biological daughter. By failing to do this, he was demonstrating his defection for Annette. Despite the prevailing conditions, he would have tried as much as he could to waitress for Annette wherever she had been taken by her mother. As a man, he was to take all the necessary measures to meet that he traces his daughter and get acquainted with her whereabouts. Further more, he was the biological parent to Annette. Meaning, he had a lot of parental duties to perform to her. Hence, by claiming that he had tried, he was not proving any point.In this regard, it is my considered cerebration that, based on the ruling, the decision of the court would remain the same even if Annet tes foster parents were not interested in adopting her. Since the Orange County Department of Social Services (DSS) became a party to this reference, Joseph has never been anywhere to be reached. Therefore, it is obvious that he had failed to visit and communicate to his daughter although he was in a remedy position of doing so (Robertson, 2013). As the constitution clearly stipulates, a parent can be say to have abandoned a child when they fail to communicate and be in a close contact with a child for a period of six months prior to the time in which the case was filed in the Family Court to be decided upon.Definitely, the determination of such a case should be in general considering the interests of the child. Before making any decision regarding the termination of parental rights, the court should ensure that it acts in the outstrip interests of the child. The court decision should consider

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Business - Essay ExampleWhen we talk about a country Comparative advantage, they are the Superior features of a country which provide it with unique benefits in global competition derived weather from national endowments or deliberate national policies. It is concept that helps answers the question all nations fundament gain and sustain national economic superiority. Competitive Advantage of a countrys soused is distinctive assets or competencies of a company derived from its size, assets, innovation strengths which are difficult for its competitors to duplicate or imitate. In some other words the concepts tells us how a firm can gain and sustain distinctive competency vis a vis competitors. (Theories of International Trade and Investment, 2008) Single Market - European meat The European coalescence is a sort out of Western European nations working to unite the economic resources into a whizz economy. It is a group of 27 member states which have been united to c reate a political and economic community throughout Europe. The European Union imports and exports more than any one country in the world. The communitys political boss trade partner is the United States. The community have special trade agreements with many other countries (European community). The principal(prenominal) purpose behind European Union is to provide better economy to the poorer countries in Europe. It also mode that trade between these countries is cheaper. Apart from this the European Union aims to promote economic and social progress and a high level of employment opportunities, thus maintaining sustainable development and a better standard of liveliness and Gross Domestic Product of the economy. Through the establishment of economic and monetary union, they create an area without ingrained frontiers, which includes a single currency and it makes trade much easier. One of the reasons behind the formation of European Union was to provide a common defence phenomen on. In this way all the members will be procure in terms of defence. Through the introduction of the citizenship of Union, the rights and interests of the nationals are strengthened and protected (Folketinget). Internally the European Union has abolished trade barriers, experiencing a common currency and is constantly striving towards the convergence of improved living standards. In the words of Central Intelligence Agency The European Union faces a lot of difficulty in devising and enforcing common policies because of the differences in the per capita income among member states. Between 2004 and 2007, 12 countries were added to the European Union which are principally less advanced than the remaining 15 countries. Being a large Union, it has a couple of international issues.The European Union itself has no border disputes with the neighbouring countries. But technically Estonia has no land agreements with Russia on the other hand Slovenia disputes its land and maritime boundari es with Croatia. Similarly Spain has territorial and maritime issues with Morocco and with the UK over Gibraltar (Central Intelligence Agency). A single market is a trading bloc. It comprises of a free trading are and has common policies. There is liberty of movement where assets like land, labour, capital and enterprise are concerned. The main objective is that these factors of production are mobile. either the trade barriers, whether it be in the form of

Paper 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Paper 1 - Essay ExampleIt describes how a particular professional conference should act ethically when discharging their duties (Harris 17).In the second case study, engineer A was recently hired to by safecomp to work in their quality control department. After a few weeks, the engineer was asked to sign run into some protocols, standards and testing procedures since he had been the one working on them. However, engineer A felt that he was not experienced enough to sign arrive at such crucial documents since he was not full acquainted with the procedures and standards at safecomp. The engineer let his supervisor know about his stand, but the supervisor would escort none of it. Finally, engineer decided not to sign off the documents, as he was not certain(predicate) and thought he would jeopardize his career by signing the documents. This paper will support engineers a decision not to sign off the documents.The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has laid out a encrypt ethics to govern this professional group. Under the code of ethics by the IEEE, by signing off the documents, engineer A would be agreeing to take tariff for the safety and health of those would end up utilise the product (Ieee.org). However, due to his lack of experience the engineer did not think he would be fitted to sign off such protocols. He was also unsure of the procedures and standards of the company, and as such, the engineer felt that he did not have the authority to sign off such crucial documents. Although he was charged with the responsibility of handling the quality control department, the company should have given the engineer enough time on the job to acquire the necessary experience and get to know the procedure of the company before macrocosm allowed to sign off such crucial documents. In the event the products were faulty, he would be held directly trusty for any casualties and would jeopardize his career and even risk jail time.The IEEE code of ethics also states that a professional should always

A critique of a research article that may be relevant to base your Essay

A critique of a research hold that may be relevant to base your practice on - Essay ExampleUse of dependance and prioritization tools by clinical nurse specialists in palliative contend an exploratory study. International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 2011, Vol 17, No 12The research problem was how to use dependency and prioritization instruments by clinical nurse professional in palliative care. Research questions included how the CNSs who SPC in the confederation form a part in caring for sick individuals and sustaining families after patients demise? How the prioritization and dependency tools tending CNSs (clinical nurse specialists) in SPC (specialist palliative care)?A broad review of the empirical findings was undertaken prior to this research to tell apart any empirical patient reliance and workload evaluation tools for application by CNSs when providing community-oriented SPC.The participants were ladies with a imagine age of 41 old age of range 21 years. The mean nu mber of years labouring in palliative care was thirteen thus a range of 15, while the common figure of years as a CNS was 5.Exploratory mixed techniques were used to undertake the research and analyze the ternion tools to a selection of patients receiving of SPC community care, to determine the predictive capacity of each tool.The Vale prioritization instrument emerged the virtually helpful for prioritizing patient necessities and controlling workload. Statistical assessment pointed out minimal differences between selected dependency instruments.In this section, the article strengths and weaknesses are analyzed and critically evaluated. In order to do that, three main sections of the article is selected as follows methodology/design sample / subjects / participants and data collection methods. These are the building points of a honest article, more so, in an evidence based practice article.The strength of this research article is its methodology move up that incorporates mixed m ethod research approach. This is

Identify and give the significance of the east Asia history words Essay - 2

Identify and give the significance of the east Asia history words - Essay prototypeKawapata was born to a family of dactor and lost his both parents when he was four he went to be with his grandparents (Holcombe 2011).Burakumin were a oucast assembly of people that were considered low in the society. Their occupations were considered tainted and therefore were relegated to the lower social class status. by cosmos at the bottom of social class they were discriminated at all aspects of participation in the public.Nixon shock was an economic policy by president Nixon of united states that lead to the end of conversion of American dollar to gold. In the proposal there had also to be 90 days wage freeze for all the Americans and aftermath surch. Japan prime minister realized how weighty the matter was and the toll it took on its people. It puts japan in awkward position in terms of international trade and its people were irritated.This is the description of the non linear alliance b etween oil prices and the gdp growth. Oil prices have effect on everything and the more the price the more the cost of every unit of production. Oil prices increase affect the economy while decrease does non (Holcombe 2011).Minimata disease was first discovered in minamata city japan. it is caused by severe mercury poisoning. It results when one fertilize a lot of fish that breeds in water polluted with industrial waste full of methyl mercury. Minimata cause numbness in the feet general muscle weakness and norrowing in field of vision. In its uttermost(prenominal) it causes insanity.Anim are Japanese animated productions both hand drawn and computer drawn. Anime is short tier of animation and it started in 1917 in Japan and currently involve, short animated films and movies

Venezuela under Hugo Chavez Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Venezuela under Hugo Chavez - Essay ExampleHe say the movement in an unproductive coup overthrow against the Democratic Action government of Carlos Andrs Prez, who was the president in 1992. This led to the imprisonment of Hugo Rafael Chvez Fras (Feinberg, 1). Later on, after he was released, he formed a socialist political party two years later, it was called the Fifth Republic Movement, and he was voted president of Venezuela in 1998. In 2000, he was re-elected and during this second term he presented the system of communal groups, Bolivarian Missions, and employee-managed companies, along with a land reform program, which was municipalizing main industries. In 2006, he was re-elected again with more than 60% of the votes. afterwards emerging victorious in his fourth tenure as president in October 2012, defeating Henrique Capriles, Hugo Rafael Chvez Fras was sworn on 10th January 2013. However, the Venezuela National Assembly decided to postpone the inaugural ceremony to upset h im time to enable him recuperate from medical treatment in Cuba, which resulted from a cancer return that was ab initio identified in June 2011. On 5th March 2013, Hugo Rafael Chvez Fras passed away in capital of Venezuela at 58 years. During the duration Venezuela was under Hugo Chvez, it was not a democratic country, though Chvez was not a dictator, he crushed the democracy of the Venezuelan nation. In a period when South America was fleetly moving towards the far-left demagoguery from its old-fashioned binaries of far-right, Chvez was still holding Venezuela back in the past, both politically and economically. nether the decade of Chvez, while other nations like Peru and Brazil became representations of equality and success, Venezuela appeared to go back to the bad ancient days. It is true that the polls were usually well-conducted and fair under his regime. He even freely evaluate defeat in one.

Did the Expatriate Nurses Training Program enhance staff satisfaction Essay

Did the acquit Nurses Training Program enhance staff satisfaction and reduce burnout - Essay Exampleimportant to not the reason why the evidence based practice is applicable in hospitals in order to purify the quality of enhancing and c be for the satisfaction of nurses in the reduction of burnout.There is a time when the University of Pennsylvania embarked on a research titled Maslach Burnout Inventory where the nurses were analyzed in relation to job related issues such as attitude. A comparison was done on the percentages found on burnout nurses in relation to catheter associated urinary tract infections and surgical site infections.They results showed that there was an increase in the number of burnout nurses in every surplus CAUTI while there was an addition of nurse in every two SSIs in relation to g-force patients. Looking at the numbers from one angle it would be said that it is not a self-aggrandizing deal (Beyea & Slattery, 2006). However, reports indicate that the d amage of dealing with these cases include $749 to $832 for each case involving CAUTIs. At the same time, it would cost $11,087 to $29,443 for each case involving SSIs. This number can be reduced. In case the number is reduced by 30 percent, it is discovered that there will be prevention of 4,160 cases of infections making it possible for the institution to b arely $41 million.Evidence based practice otherwise known as EBP is a practice, which is recommended by the medical exam practitioners in improving the working conditions of the nurses. The main determining factor that makes the practice to be applicable is finished integration of various aspects. The first issue involves the opinions indicated by the clinical expertise. This also involves evidence from external scientists (Kim & Mallory, 2014). These aspects are also applicable to caregivers, patients and clients who are on the verger of ensuring that the quality of services being delivered is of high quality. These services are expected to reflect the interest of the entire stakeholders involved in the medical practice. These can be in the form of

The Story of G.I. Joe Film (1945) Thesis Paper Movie Review

The Story of G.I. Joe Film (1945) Thesis Paper - Movie check over ExamplePyle (played convincingly by Burgess Meredith) is the embedded journalist within this Company. But the shared habiting topographic point makes it a personal experience for Pyle and to this extent his journalism takes on a humanitarian hue as opposed to being merely patriotic. This essay will argue that, of the numerous merits attached to the snap, its showcasing of the bold, humane and forthright journalism of the legendary Ernie Pyle is not only its standout feature but also accounts for its enduring appeal. professedly to the journalistic ethic of accuracy and balance, the film makes no attempt to manufacture gunmanism in the present of war setting. Instead, it fits the narrative to Pyles reportage, which includes unsavory and un-heroic aspects of the Second World War. True to this theme, Pyle was later killed in a foxhole on a remote Pacific island as he pursued his career of covering the multitude subsequently victory was won in Europe. Pyle wrote of the common dogfaces, not the brass hats. He is a hero who should be known to every journalism student. (Booker, 1999, p.14) But a cursory look at the state of embedded journalism today (most visibly in the War on Terror operations) betrays the falling standards of journalism in America. Today the reporter comes across as a biased stakeholder in the side he belongs, which is a far cry from the courage and ethic espoused by Ernie Pyle. More importantly, what The Story of G.I. Joe underscores is that motion pictures weed provide helpful assistance in journalism history classes through a number of ship canal as a reflection of how journalists and journalism are portrayed in the mass culture as a means to measure the role that journalism plays in significant events and, perhaps most important, as a device by which to assess the ethical role of journalism as reflected by the decisions and actions of the great deal portrayed. (Holsin ger & Schofield, 1992, p.44) The Story of G.I. Joe can also be said to be unique for the level of realism it carries. The harvest is not just made for commercial purposes, but for artistic and documentary goals. It also served as a vehicle of propaganda to gather support for the war from the American public. The relatively late release of the film (released after the dust settled in the European theatre) is perhaps why it portrays combat in unglamorous terms, stress not the heroism of its soldiers but their weariness and daily hardships. Based on Pyles reports (collected in his 1943 book, here(predicate) Is Your War) the film details the grueling effect of extended combat service on a platoon of American soldiers the Italian campaign. Led by Lieutenant Walker ( Robert Mitchum) and accompanied by Pyle, the platoon slowly advances, experiencing both hazard and boredom but very little in the way of glory. (Booker, 1999, p.14) Contemporary war movies as thoroughly as war journalism can do well by embracing such an attitude. It is in recognition of the valuable sensibilities displayed through the film that it won four Academy Award nominations, including to Mitchum for best financial backing actor and to the three screenwriters (two ofwhom, Endore and Stevenson, were prominent figures on the American cultural Left) for best screenplay. While some critics took the films grim depiction of war as an antiwar statement, James Agee insightfully notes that G.I. Joe is a tragic and eternal mildew of art precisely because of its unflinching portrayal of the realities of

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

Philosophy - Essay ExampleSocrates states that if a world is in a position that he deems as the best, when placed by his leader, then such a man has to face danger willingly without any thoughts of death crossing in his mind. In Socrates arguments, it would be dreadful if a man did not face danger as he should have in the eyes of god and men due to his fear of death. No one is sure of whether death brings blessings to a man or if it is the root of evil (Plato 33). People fear it with the assumption that it is the greatest of evils yet thither is no proof. Therefore, Socrates views himself as a wise man than the rest because he has no fear for what is undiscovered to man especially the underworld. However, he stresses of the fact that despite his claim to be wiser than other multitude, he in time believes that it is wicked to disobey god or his human superiors.In Meno and Socrates argument, Socrates informs Meno of what he heard in bear on to divine matters. He indicates that he heard it from the wise women and women who were priestesses and priests. His thought on their talk was that it was beautiful and reliable in all aspects. The wise men and women gave this talk on divine intervention based on what they practiced on a daily basis. The wise men and women indicated that the mind is usually immortal provided comes to an end at one time when an individual dies (Plato 33). The wise men and women called it dying though the soul is regarded to be still alive. Since the soul never dies with the body, the individual has to lead a life that is pious.The doctrine of memory can change Menos paradox if he understands that in the process of the soul learning a lot when an individual is not dead can also become energetic in the look for for answers.Yes, the two are arguing about an issue that exists even in this modern-day society. Most people today have various questions related to death and life after death. There are so many myths that

Defend the position that Plato takes that philosophers should be Essay

Defend the position that Plato takes that philosophers should be rulers, or the contrary, that rulers should not be philosophers - Essay ExampleDemocracy in Athens has been full of individuality and political selfishness. In addition, most lot living in Athens captured governmental jobs for their own egoistic reasons and finally divided the city into two hostile groups of the rich and poor. The other group formed was that of the oppressor and the oppressed. Conversely, Platos philosophy on virtue and judge greatly impacted democracy.Platos viewpoints provided a well-known rank to the notion of referee. He was not happy with the existing decaying conditions in Athens. A chassis of his attacks majorly criticized the unpaid officiousness and extreme uniqueness. He criticized the system of government through the creation of an ideal society where justice was embraced in all the activities within the city. This is because Plato had discovered that the problems in this context coul d only be treated by ensuring that people are treated equally and with a lot of justice. It is important to note that there had been a number of hypotheses of justice before Plato came into the limelight. Therefore, he had to reject the theories. For instance, he did not support the traditional theory of justice since he believed that justice was about saying the truth and settling ones debt.According to Plato, the theories which were presented by Cephalus, Thrasymachus, and Glaucon had a common element. They handled justice an achievement, importation, or convention. Therefore, he was able to verify that justice is not found on chance, togetherness, or external forces. He was able to provide different meaning of justice so people could easily understand what he meant. For instance, the people living in Athens accepted that justice cannot be obtained without three elements (reason, spirit, and appetite). Democracy also prevailed after people had realized that their souls operated without affecting other elements in the body. There are also three categories of the social organism-philosopher

Personal Development Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Development Plan - Essay ExampleIt contains details recommendations with love to entering that should be made in order to make the positive changes come true. This is particularly heavy since it shows that the devil ethical theories that are being discussed can be effectively applied in practice devising a person a better leader. For example, the call for not treating people as means, but save as end urges a leader to respect each of the followers and never allow maven to become a faceless unit that is used to achieve a certain purpose. The idea of hot go forth is linked to the idea of perspective and the ability of a leader to outline the development of the chemical group and facilitate it. The text also features an outline for discussion regarding integration of the two theories in question into a personal leadership plan in order to achieve a stronger presence. Thus, the Categorical imperative will contribute to the ability of a leader to choose the right option all the time and justness as Fairness approach will ensure the appreciation of the followers.It may be particularly important to explore the values and standards that reflect the meaning of each ethical theory. The first aspect that should be remembered with regard to Categorical imperative is the need treat people as ends and never as means (Cornman & Lehrer, 1968, p. 336). This reflects the ecumenic appreciation of ones significance and dignity and should be maintained by all the people. other point that should be mentioned is the notion of good will (Paton, 1971, p. 201). This means that the consequences of the action may not in full define the nature of the action, but it is good will of the subject that also should be taken into account. Indeed, if a person performs action that is largely considered to be a moral one because of the reasons that are not considered to be moral, it is obvious that on the whole the action will not be recognized as a good one. Finally, one of

MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH PROGRAMS (Module 1 SLP) Essay

MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH PROGRAMS (Module 1 SLP) - Essay manikinThe manager of our interest was appointed as gallery of a health service and research lend in 1993, that time it was on the verge of closure due to mismanagement and inefficiency. The motion excelled in planning, organizing, communicating, leading, compulsive and monitoring. As showed by Koontz and ODonnel (1959) the direct had proficiency in all the major functions of a manager (Koontz & ODonnel 1959). No doubt the head was an active leader. As showed by Bateman and Zeithaml (1993) the head used vision and judgement to lay down opportunities and did the right things (Bateman& Zeithaml, 1993). The head gave opportunity for high up performance. Incentive was given for excellent performers. The head always ensured succeeder and used to project ones own success as institutes success. Finally the head made everybody to believe that head is the personification of institute. The institute started progressing and at the en d of a decade it became one of the internationally renowned institutes. stria of laurels and praise came to the head of the institute. People started praising the head as one of the successful managers.the head got retired, the employees of the institute were divided in to two groups, one the so called high performers patronised by the head and two, the worthless low performers Institute fell into internal squabbles and was in great trouble. Nobody had direction as everybody was accustomed to orders.Analysis of Strengths and Weaknesses In spite of being an active leader and visionary the head failed to set positive run away environment because the head gave orders rather than directions. though the head gave opportunity and incentive for high performance in the process the head formed a group of henchmen. As depicted by Agars and Wilson (2005) the head applied the principles of classical conditioning in its crude form (Agars & Wilson, 2005). Person and group of persons took prec edency over activity. Bateman and Zeithaml (1993) outlined effective manager as an active leader who creates a positive work environment in which the organization and its employees have the opportunity and the incentive to achieve high performance (Bateman & Zeithaml, 1993). Though successful the head failed to become an effective manager.ReferencesAgars, W.S., & Wilson, G.T. (2005). Learning theory. In B.J. Sadock & V.A.Sadock

Leadership Branding in Singapore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leadership Branding in Singapore - Essay ExampleAs the draw declares a leadership station is moreover rooted within the companies customs, throughout its rules as advantageously as its supplies for the workers. during the study of an approximate 100 flourishing leader corporations of diverse ranges over the precedent decade, it has been established that roughly of them incur urbanized a comparable technique , which assists them in creating an outstanding channel of leaders age bracket after cohort. They moreover tend to like extremely the stable earnings each year, as they pose held the ongoing assurance of the external fundamentals whose prospects are contentedly full by leaders each through the organization. In view of Dave Ulrich and Norm Smallwood, in order to put together a well built leadership brand the corporations need to pursue five major values. Initially, they need to be apprised of the basics that constitute towards leadership, such as establishing strategies alo ng with coaching the employees well. This discussion stresses that the Leadership Brand in regards to the Singapore business community also lays more stress towards the the question of leadership improvement that would garter the community lift up a there overall market significance along with existence able to build the desired aggressive lead. Dave Ulrich and Norm Smallwood, their disagreement on the fact that leadership brand tends to characterize an insubstantial significance in addition to the element of communal individuality in the thick of the corporations leaders, who also tend to distinguish as to what their specific corporations are capable of achieving, in comparison to the tilt they face in the market. Most of the Singapore business community , in view of several investigations that have been carried out in this jauner , is observed as pursuing the writers loom towards leadership brand helping do how in actual to form worth for the shareholders ( Ed Cohen , 2007) , the consumers, in addition to the human resources moreover sustain a more aggressive circumference for their corporations . The corporations in Singapore , by each passing twenty-four hours are also realizing , and implementing a more internationally pursued

The Roman Colosseum Essay Example for Free

The Roman Colosseum EssayThe Roman Colosseum has had a major influence on many a(prenominal) an(prenominal) buildings and structures through-out our history.Even to this day it is possible to find its architecture in many different forms.One of todays structures which seems to closely resemble it, is the modern football game stadia. Like the Roman Colosseum, many atomic number 18 make in a large oval form,this is mainly the case in Scotland, whilst in England they tend to be rectangular. The oval shaped stadiums also have the advantage of fitting in a slightly larger crowd, due to the curved sections at each end. The seating arrangements in the modern football stadium are similar to the ones in the Roman Colosseum. They were designed to accommodate thousands of spectators. Most stadiums now are mainly all-seaters, which seems to have been adopted from the Colosseum.The modern football stadium also pays attention to the ease of ledger entry and exit, which played a big role in the plan and structure of the colosseum from the beginning. Both of theses structures were also built with fireproof building materials .This was highly important for the safety of both these sayings, as they were constantly dealing with large crowds of spectators.Like the colosseum, modern football stadiums are also equipped with shelters.There are also many differences between these two structures, mainly because the football stadium is an evolved version of the Roman Colosseum, and therefore uses different construction methods, for example, the football stadium is made out of steel or reinforced concrete with cantilevered roofs, whilst the Colosseum was built using brick and stone with concrete vaults.Some of the main changes in todays stadium seem to be of increasing size andimproving facilities. Most now have shops, bars, restaurants, extensive car parks and various other delegacy to make the spectators visit comfortable. This was not available in the Colosseum.The mode rn football stadia no longer declaim the classical language of architecture, however, they are all large enough to have a major repair on the areas in which they are built, which is a similar architectural gesture to that of the Colosseum.

An Inspector Calls Essay Example for Free

An Inspector C solelys EssayI am writing to you ab aside a hit I would like you to play a part in. Its c all(prenominal)ed An Inspector Calls, it is set in Brumley, an industrial metropolis in the north midlands, 1912. The play is ab step forward a young woman named Eva Smith who commits suicide subsequentlyward an unfortunate line of events. An inspector talks to the whole family one by one as they are all involved one way or another. Priestley was sifting to show his audience that we can not go on cosmos self obsessed and should think how our kneadions affect other people. He uses the logrolling family as an example of a capitalistic family in the upper class in 1912, who had no share for other people.Shelia is a pretty misfire 22 years old, she doesnt have a job as her parents (Mr. Arthur Birling and Mrs. Sybil Birling) are instead well off. In act one Shelia beings the play as a self-centred and likes attention. She recently got engaged. When she is first shown th e picture of Eva Smith she recognises her with a little cry and then runs out of the room, as she is upset that she played a part in an innocent girls death. Shelia first met Eva when she was at Milwards to try on some dresses for a party she was going to. As she tried on a beautiful dress she caught sight of Eva ( who was working at Milwards at the time, as a shop assistant ) she aphorism Eva smiling at the other shop assistant as if to say doesnt it look awful .This near made Shelia loose her temper, as she was already in a bad mood that day, so she went swell to the manger and told him this girl had to be sacked otherwise her and her mother would close their account with them. She wouldnt have cared, its expert Eva was so pretty with her big dark eyes, and the dress looked perfect on her. She was just jealous of Eva and acted out of jealously and petty spite. Sheila almost respects the Inspectors way of handling things and begins to see the world according to his values. Sh e was or else concerned for Eva and couldnt believe she partly caused her suicide also she was genuinely upset more or less the death of Eva and how she was involved.During the cooperate act she learns of everyone elses involvement in the case. When she sees Geralds reaction to the name Daisy Renton she knows straight away that Gerald had some history with the girl. Gerald says that Shelia and wants to watch him being asked questions so she can watch some one else go through it, this evidently offends her and she questions whether Gerald really knows her. She hears Geralds questioning and soon finds out that Gerald met Eva in the palace bar one night after going to watch a show. He went down and had a few drinks, and noticed Eva as they started lecture she gave him a false name so he new her a Daisy Renton. After hearing all this she breaks of her relationship to Gerald as she thinks she doesnt know him any more.When inspector Goole questions Mrs. Birling Shelia discovers that Eva went to her mother for help and appealed to Mrs. Birlings charitable commissioning because she had now money and no place to stay and she was pregnant. Mrs. Birling used her power over the commissioning to have Evas case refused and when Shelia discovered that her mother had been so cold she was outraged. She thought what her mother did was cruel and vile, in particular as Eva was pregnant. When she realised that Eric was the man who had got Eva pregnant and tried giving her stolen money she was quite understanding of his involvement. During this act you can see Shelia growing as a character and in a way changing. She has been quite helpful to the inspector and sort of looked up to him in a way by agreeing with everything he says and answer all questions even if they werent directed at her.In act three Shelias bearing has almost in all changed she says shes behaved badly and shes ashamed of it. When the inspector left Shelia was the first person to question whether he was a natural law inspector or not, she doesnt seem to care if he was a fake because she believes it should have made them all realise what they had done impose on _or_ oppress and change but the only people who did realise what had gone wrong and the only people who had actually changed where her and Eric. She believes that the truth came out that night and made everyone confess and that is the only all-important(a) thing that happened that night, not whether or not the inspector was a police inspector or not. When Shelia talks to certain people she is a confident speak I should jolly well think not, this shows shes not afraid to stand up 4 her self or against other people.She asks a lot of questions and had a great deal of curiosity nigh the case What was she like?, Was she young?, What was her name?, these quotations show that she is keen to know all the information that people will tell her and she wants to know everything. When you play Shelia when you talk about Eva you sho uld sounds slightly distressed and concerned, Sorry its just I can help thinking about this girl destroying herself so horribly, she obviously is in a great deal of distress when she talks about Eva and thinks about her death and how she was a part of it. Also she questions her fathers decisions a lot I think sacking her was a mean thing to do, These girls arent cheap labour they are people.When your playing Shelia you must remember that during act 1 you should be quite snobby and self-centred as Shelia only thought about her self and she was a jealous character. During act 2 you can start the see the changes so dont forget to start being more sympathetic towards other peoples stories involving Eva. In act 3 you can she that the change in her attitude is complete as she learns her responsibilities of others less fortunate and is sensitive towards others and their feelings. Also I think you should wear a dress of that period or something along those lines to do with the upper class f ashion during 1912.

Good for Hair Essay Example for Free

Good for Hair EssayFenugreek(methi) seeds are extremely effective and powerful seeds which fights with copper fall, baldness and hair thinning. Fenugreek seeds replenish hair harvest-feast and are a good source of nicotinic acid and protein. Many scientists have confirmed that fenugreek contains a large amount of lecithin which is a natural emollient and give power to hair and shuffling them goodish and strong. It also moisturizes hair. Below here are few fenugreek hair packs which promotes hair growth , pay back them polished ,healthy and shiny. 1. primp a tea spoon of fenugreek seeds (methi daana) in a glass of boiled weewee every night. Filter the pissing with the help of a sieve and drink it empty stomach every morning. Drinking this water every day helps in reducing hair loss.2. You asshole make a herbal and organic hair growth tonic with fenugreek seeds. Boil fenugreek seeds and allow them to pull in pure coconut oil overnight. Filter the oil with the help of a s ieve and knead this oil mixture to your scalp for 10-15 minutes. Applying this oil thrice in a week will make your hair shiny and thick and will help in reducing hair fall too.3. You can use the left over soaked fenugreek seeds as an alternative of shampoo. Make a gap of cooked black bean and fenugreek (methi) seeds. Apply it on your hair two or three times a week. This will reduce hair fall and will add volume to your hair.4. You can make a hair mask to condition your hair with fenugreek seeds. For this take a half loving cup of dried fenugreek seeds in a bowl and add 2 cups of water in it. Soak them overnight and strain the water .You can drink this water as it helps in reducing hair fall. In the morning strain the water and put the seeds in a blender. Add little water as the seeds are already soaked and make a thick glue of it. Apply this paste on your hair and wrap your hair .This mask is little messy but is worth an effort. run it for 30 minutes and rinse it as usual. You dont need a conditioner after slipstream your hair with it.

Michael Faraday Essay Example for Free

Michael Faraday establishBorn September 22, 1791, he grew up in Newington Butts after his family had moved there from Yorkshire in coiffe to try and make a living. His father, a blacksmith, fell ill and could non earn much money. This meant Michael unexpended school at 13 and knew truly little ab divulge maths, and almost nothing close science. When he went to work as a bookbinder he got his big chance. While binding books at the shop he would read the contents. Since scientists wrote their findings in books and discussed them, this was a great panache to learn about science, and how the world works. Later, due to well-be prepared luck he was working for a man by the name of Humphry Davy. Davy worked at the royal institution, doing demonstrations and lectures. Faraday be bulkyed to a religious group called the sandemanians, which believed in a literal understanding of the bible. This meant he could not hoard or save money. When he married his wife he received financial he lp from the royal institution. Faraday offered legion(predicate) contributions to the world of science including electrolysis generators, magnetic fields and electromagnetism, but his greatest contribution to the world would definitely be the electric motor.Faradays greatest discovery, the electric motor has affected greatly the world we subsist in and how we live in it. Faraday found that if you took a magnet it would rotate around a electrify so long as the fit had current going finished it. Through this experiment, Faraday had successfully performed the first conversion of galvanising energy (in the outfit) into mechanical energy (the pathetic magnet). He also found that if you fixed the magnet in place and let the wire move, the wire would rotate around the magnet.By studying these experiments, Faraday believed that when current is passed through a wire, a circular magnetic current circles the wire. This was the predecessor of the electric motor. Due to Faradays experime nts we can social occasion electric blenders, CD players and much much more. By discove pack the circular fields around a wire throwd with current, Faraday has greatly contributed to the world of physics. With further research of these circular currents around a wire, Faraday took an iron ring and wrapped a length of insulated wire around one side of it, and then wrapped a second length of insulated wire around the other side of the ring.He anticipated that if he passed a current through the first wire, it would establish a magnetic field in the ring, which would then induce current in the second insulated wire. When he first performed the experiment he believed it was a failure, as it appeared no current was induced in the second wire. But then he made an observation unfavorable to the experiment. He observed that as he turned the current in the first wire on and off, current would be induced in the second wire. Instead of current in the first wire inducing current in the second , he substantialised that change in current of the first wire induced current in the second.To test his new theory, Faraday took a magnet and moved it in and out of a coil of wire. When the magnet was moving into the wire, the needle on the galvanometer would move one way. And when the magnet was moving out of the coil, the needle would move the opposite way. Next he set up a slob disc between two poles of a magnet. This time when the disc was spun a constant current would be induced. Faraday had created the first dynamo or electric generator. A device, which produces electrical energy from mechanical energy. Commonly used as bike-light generators.Faraday also enjoyed the science of chemistry. He did demonstrations at the royal institute where he would show demonstrations of pyrotechnics, big flashes, physiological reactions, and chemical reactions, among other things. By combining his enjoyment of chemistry with his knowledge of physics, Faraday made some very important discover ies in electrolysis, which are still relevant today. Faraday revolutionised knowledge of electrolysis by introducing new words. He replaced the previously used pole with electrode to describe the object dangled into a solution.He described anode as the electrode where negatively charged gases attract, cathode as the electrode, which attracts positively charged chemicals, electrolyte as eitherthing released at either electrode, anions as electrolytes that collect at the anode, and cations as electrolytes that are drawn to the cathode. All these terms are commonly used in electrolysis today, a real test of how good a word is, is the test of time. Probably one of Faradays most famous inventions is the miners safety device lamp. During the early 1800s there was a large demand for coal, mine shafts were being used more. This posed a threat as methane collected in the mins.And because the mines were underground the miners had to have lamps. The threat came when the lamps lit the metha ne, which would light up the whole shaft. Humphry Davy and Michael Faraday, who was working for him at the time, solved this problem with the safety lamps. The safety lamps comprised of a long surface mesh cylinder with a solid, hollow base and a hook at the top, some had lenses to reduce the dim light. They were different to normal mining lamps because they did not light the methane the mines produced. This was a safer option for the minors and at bottom a short while they were being used in many mine shafts.Michael Faraday probably wouldnt have been able to imaging how greatly his inventions and discoveries have affected the world. Without Faradays research on magnetic fields we would not have use of the electric motor. Without his simple generator we would not have the use of dynamos or generators. And without his knowledgeability ring we would not be able to use transformers. The first person to properly harness the index finger of magnetic fields. From humble beginnings, w ith no proper maths or science tutoring, Michael Faraday, by perseverance, made his way up in the world to become one of the most influential people of all time.Without doubt, Michael Faraday was a great man. Died august 25, 1867 Michael Faraday had left the world leaving a great contribution behind him. melodic line Michael Faraday was an interesting individual as well as a great scientist. To learn more about his life and particularly his scientific work the reader is encouraged to investigate in depth any of the books listed below.Each while similar, gives a different view of the person, Michael Faraday. ? Agassi, Joseph, Faraday as a Natural Philosopher, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1970.?Crookes, (Editor) A Course of Six Lectures on the Chemical History of a Candle To which is Added a Lecture on Platinum by Michael Faraday, Chicago News Review 1988. ? Gooding, James (editors), Faraday Rediscovered, Stockton Press, London ,1985. ?Jones, Bence, The Life and Letters of Farada y(2 Volumes) Longmans, Green, London, 1870. ? Randell, Wilfrid L. ,Michael Faraday, Parsons, London, 1924. ? Tyndall, J. , Faraday as a Discoverer(4th Edition), Longmans, Green, London 1868. ? Williams, Pearce L. , The Origins of Field Theory, Random House, New York, 1966. ? Williams,Pearce L. , Michael Faraday, Basic Books, New York, 1967.

How Literature Displays Positive Character Trait Through Characters Essay Example for Free

How writings Displays Positive Character Trait Through Characters EssayTraits Through Its Characters It is known that a subdivision of writing can do more than tell a story, but can in addition portray indirect ideas to the reader. A narrative piece is able to show positive traits, presented through its characters. Literature can display a variety of positive attributes, through different characters, and situations. This is demonstrated in the story, The sullen Bead, through Sibias acts of selflessness, and again in the text Long, Long, After School, through Miss Tretheways acts of kind-heartedness. In the story The Blue Bead, an example of how literature shows positive raits through its characters, is composed by Sibias displays of selflessness when saving a muliebrityhood from an attacking crocodile. In the text, the narrator states, Sometimes it had seemed difficult to cross these st geniuss, particularly with the big gap But now she came on wings and in a moment, she was beside the shrieking woman (pg. 61). This shows selflessness because Sibia, usually hesitant on the slippery stones, flies across them making rapid basis decisions, throwing herself towards to woman being attacked, aware of the fact that if she falls, she could harm herself severely.Another piece of evidence is shown when the narrator states, Its eye rolled on to Sibia. One slap of the tail could kill her. (pg. 61). This shows selflessness because the young girl willingly put her life at risk, to save one that was not her own. Through the young girls displays of selflessness, one can see how the text, The Blue Bead portrays a positive trait through Sibia. passim the text, Long, Long After School, Miss Tretheway shows kind- heartedness through acts presented in the story. An illustration of this is when a flashback occurs, back to when Miss Tretheway states, Why, Marilyn, Wess hands re much cleaner than yours. Maybe Wes doesnt like to get his hands yucky (pg. 114). This sh ows kind-heartedness because though Miss Tretheway is Wes teacher, she stood up for him when his classmate insulted him in front of his peers. Another illustration of how Miss Tretheway shows kind-heartedness is when a character states, She gave me a whole quart, just as soon as she found out that hers would match. This shows kind-heartedness because one was willing to give up strain, an element that signifies life, almost immediately to save someone who with the woman shared a student-teacher relationship.Through the acts of kind- heartedness displayed through the story, Long, Long, After School shows that literature shows positive attributes through its characters. A piece of writing can portray positive traits through its developed characters. Sibia shows selflessness through her acts of saving the woman being attacked by the crocodile, putting ones own life at risk. Miss Tretheway displays kind-heartedness by standing up for a student, and giving the aforementioned student a much needed blood transfusion. These examples show that positive traits can be demonstrated through characters presented in literature.

Reasons Why Parents Should Read Aloud with Children Essay Example for Free

Reasons Why Parents Should Read Aloud with Children canvasOne of the greatest gifts that a parent can bestow upon a tiddler is the gift of literacy. breeding is a wonderful pas term, and the key to unlocking many academic puzzles. Parents should take in aloud to children as part of a regular routine, one that can be thoroughly enjoyed by both parties. Firstly, reading aloud to children poses the improvement of being quality time spent together. Parents need to have special time with their children, and reading to them is a great method for achieving this goal. Instead of plunking the children down in front of the television, sit them down on your moisten and open up a track record. As you begin to read to your children, marvel at their attention to detail, and substance abuse every opportunity to test their memory and knowledge. While reading, stop frequently and relate the story to an flavour of their everyday life.This will stand by them to see the correlation betwee n themselves and their environment. While you are enjoying the quality time with your children as you read aloud, you will excessively be fostering a love of reading that transcends boundaries. breeding to love books at a young age will enhance the childrens desire to be an avid ref as they mature. A love of literature can take a child to unfathomable heights, allowing them to soar to faraway lands of make believe. Children that are read aloud to may use their creative thinking and imagination more often, building their different levels of intelligence. Being read aloud too can help them see the world, giving them an idea of their place in the world.Another great reason why parents should read aloud to children is to enhance their vocabulary skills. The parent should ensure that they read every word in a story verbatim, never glossing over run-in that they deem difficult. Children need to hear new words, and need to be explained to their meaning. This will boost their communicat ive skills. A child with a mastery of vocabulary will be able to orate and have himself or herself heard with a greater degree of efficiency than a counterpart saddled with a limited grasp of the language. When a parent reads aloud to their children, they are also teaching their children to read. As the pages turn, the children are intently watching, following every word on the page, fall uponing that the words go from left to right and flow in a certain fashion. They will, through spoken osmosis, learn how to read on their own. The longer this continues, and with a great deal of frequency, the more proficient of a reader they will become.Parents also should read aloud to their children so that are heard enjoying the books, and the children. This bond will merge them, and the stories will also help them to learn things of importance. Books should be selected together, during regular visits to the local library or book store. This will give the child a sense of autonomy and ownersh ip over the story, which may charter their attention for a longer period. Parents can help steer the children towards books that have strong morals, ethics, focus on manners and friendships, and interesting characters. Once the children begin to learn how to read, the roles can be reversed, and the children can become the readers art object the parents become the attentive audience. This may give the children a jolt of confidence and self-esteem that will service of process them well as they continue through the educational system. The only thing better than a nigh(a) book is sharing it with a loved one.Nine Benefits for Parents Who Read AloudReading Aloud1. Creates soldering experience2. Allows you to observe and share in your childs interests.3. Demonstrates your commitments to your child.4. Provides an opportunity to model and transmit values.5. Develops unspoilt communication skills.6. Provide bibliotherapy* opportunities.7. Gives children a chance to ask you questions.8. C ombats a passive, couch-potato, TV-viewing lifestyle.9. Helps you build a storehouse of winsome memories with your children.*Using stories and books to help Children deal with traumatic events such as death, divorce, loss of a pet, and adjusting to life-changing situations such as moving and entering school.SourcesPaticia A. Habada, Ph. D.Senior Editor of the SDA Life Series Reading textbooksHealth and Home, Volume 38Pages 45-47Bobby Coleshttp//www.helium.com

American Literacy in the Age of Information Essay Example for Free

Ameri butt Literacy in the Age of Information EssayThe age of nurture is demonstrated by the development of engineering science. The American gardening has adopted and adapted to a new practice of transmitting and accepting information. Although the age of information presents an dismissal for creative expression and exploration, American literacy is in a transitional period because technology is constantly changing and the unlimited amount of capabilities and influence that technology has upon breeding and communication be significant and since technology is legato in the process of development it raises concerns nearly privacy acts and ethical issues. While this new era en opens the hazard to send and receive information so pronto and efficiently, the new digital age of information requires macrocosm educated and knowledgeable active information technology in order to achieve success. Information technology is a term that may be described in many ways but ultimate ly, information technology (IT) is considered a general term applied to all computer- based technologies of human communications (Information applied science, 2006). Literacy of this judgment of conviction may be simply defined as basic competence in reading and composition (Literacy, 2006). The World Wide Web offers opportunities of unlimited information that could be accessed from anywhere at any meter as long as there is internet connection. The freedom to explore and express has two outcomes- to happen caller or decline society.Technology has major influences in all trades of the world, but it starts with education. Technological education can provide students with a wealth of information and knowledge, which they can then use in the upcoming to pursue related career or simply as a subject of interest and becharm ( sizeableness of Technology in Schools, 2009). Creativity and encouragement for young minds to explore all the possibilities produces more productive adults. The innovation of the internet is obviously a worldwide phenomenon. Although this phenomenon provides unlimited access to any genre of information, it may non be true. Educating students on how to productively search for information and how to evaluate credible material makes all of the difference.Furthermore, American literacy is in the process of transition that is constantly improving education and communication. Each individual has different development capabilities separating themselves from others. The traditional ways of reading and writing with books and pens and paper are updated. It is now made much more convenient, just at a touch The ability of modern technology provides education for students and adults with special postulate that a regular education can non meet. Despite the lack of data showing that technology has a awful effect in the classroom teachers have found that using technology may help regale students specific learning needs. Charles MacArthur, a speci al education professor at the University of Delaware, explains that students who have learning disabilities, including dyslexia, typically need help with transcription processes to produce text, spell, and punctuate correctly.However, any students having trouble with writing fluency can benefit from teachers integrating technology into the classroom. And sometimes tried-and-true technology works the best (Allen, 2008). Addressing students special needs are vital because it encourages and guides them to reach their full potential. The world of technology created an opportunity for special needs students to learn and tell just as well as independent students. Have you ever wondered what the world would be similar without communication? The basic method of communication such as telegraphy advanced to snail send and it is now at the stage of texting and emailing. Technology is used as a tool in unhomogeneous approaches and may be in effect(p) or harmful.Finally, the freedom of the new age of information is limitless which raises concerns about privacy laws and ethical issues. With the good, comes the bad. It seems as though there is no way around it. As beneficial as technology is, issues of ethics and privacy concerns Americans who are violated of their personal information. The conveniences of being able to shop, pay bills, create and maintain online accounts online leaves vulnerability to identity thefts and fraud.A USA report suggest that although many Americans acknowledge the potential benefits of being able to interact with government online, similar proportions of the population express concerns about the privacy and security of their personal information submitted through government websites (The New E-Governement equation, 2003). Regulating the internet is sack to be a battle. The freedom to explore quality in the truth is a personal right. Criminals and violators lead constantly prey on their victims. The resolution lies within the future, but th e solution starts with each individual defend their own identity and prevents fraud and theft.The age of information provides an outlet to send and receive information quickly and efficiently. It is important for students to correctly learn how to utilize the web to enhance their creative expression and information technology comprehension. Education and knowledge is the most powerful took to use when conducting anything. Technology is only progressing and dominating the world. American literacy could not be described as more or less in todays society but rather enhanced and evolved into normalcy.References* Education UpdateLeveraging Technology to Improve LiteracyLeveraging Technology to Improve Literacy. (2008). Membership, policy, and professional development for educators ASCD. Retrieved 2012, from http//www.ascd.org/publications/newsletters/education-* Excellence in Government Home Online Registration by Cvent. (2003). Retrieved 2012, from http//www.excelgov.org/usermedia/i mages/uploads/PDFs/egovpoll2003.pdf* Importance of technology in schools Centre for Education in Science Technology. (2009).Centre for Education in Science Technology. Retrieved 2012, from http//www.cest.org.uk/importance-of-technology-in-schools/* literacy. (2006). In Collins Dictionary of Sociology. Retrieved fromhttp//www.credoreference.com/entry/collinssoc/literacy

Research Paper Animal Experimentation Essay Example for Free

Research Paper living organism Experimentation EssayI IntroductionThesis Statement Animal interrogationing is a problematic issue in modern society. Some people argue that savage interrogation should be unploughed collect to medical benefits and inquiry national conveniences. However, I think living creature experiment should be tabu by refuting supporters arguments.II BodyA. Opposing argument 1Animal experimentations ar conducted for compassionate health. re simplytal to this argumentAnimal essaying can cause serious problems regarding to human health. a. The results of living organism(prenominal) experimentation are a good deal inconclusive and cannot be accurately applied to human. b. Animal do medicines exam causes a parcel of solemn side effects.B. Opposing argument 2Animal experimentation is vital for interrogation purposes.rebutter to this argumentEthnics problems Are universe too selfish?a. Animal testing can be passing cruel and inhumane.b. Ex amples to illustrate the cruelly experiments conducted on animate beings.c. Animals deserve the equal rights as valet de chambre.C. Opposing argument 3There are no telling alternatives to animate being experimentation.Rebuttal to this argumentThe facts of efficient non-animal methods and relevant benefits.a. Examples of prospering alternative methods.b. Lists of realistic technology as alternative methods.c. The benefits of non-animal methods.III ConclusionAnimal Testing should be banned due to its cruelness, moral issues and the existence of effective alternative methods.Should Animal Experimentation Be retract?Animal Experimentation, also known as animal testing, is the use of animals to conduct experiments or do research in the laboratory. The number of animals apply in experiments increased dramatically after World War II. Nowadays, animal experimentation is widely used in many areas such as medical research, behavior study, and drug tests. It is estimated that scientist s in America utilize more than 15 million animals to each one year in their research. Also, animal research and testing is used in almost 10% of all biomedical research. (Animal experimentation, 2011, para.4 ) While some people insist animal experimentation is necessary for social progress due to its unique contributions to human health and scientific researches, opponents of animal research argue that it is cruel, immoral, and unnecessary.As a upshot of fact, animal experimentation has been a controversy issue for a very long quantify. At the very(prenominal) time, at that place are an increasing number of regulations which restrict animal testing to some extent in order to protect animals rights. From my perspective, animal experimentation should be abandoned because of its inhuman cruelness, moral issues, and the existence of possible alternatives. The most common arguments supporting animal experimentation can be refuted and shown to be unnecessary pervert to animals. Ther e are many arguments to support animal experimentation. Supporters of animal testing assert animal experimentations are skilful for human health and vital for research purposes. Also, supporters tend to believe that there are no effectivealternatives for animal experimentation.One of the most common opinions supporters of animal experimentation hold is that a stripe of animal experimentations are conducted for human health. They assert animal testing is critical for drug reading, the safety of enhancive products, and treatment for diseases. For instance, Carl Cohen (2005), a professor of philosophy at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, argues that vaccines for diseases such as poliomyelitis and malaria could not feature been developed without animal testing (para.1). There is no denying that macrocosm did benefit a lot from animal experimentations. People practice on dogs first to learn how to perform mathematical operation successfully, test the toxicity of ingredient s of shampoo on mice to ensure the safety of cosmetic products, and study the infected chimpanzees to study the computer virus effects.These actions seem to be reasonable. However, there are also plenty of problems of animal experimentation associated with human health are ignored by supporters. The results of animal testing are often inconclusive and cannot be accurately applied to human. Many of the drugs approved through animal experimentation have proven dangerous to humans (Thomas, 2008, para.3). The inner structure of human body is quite diametrical from animals. In fact, animal experimentation results cannot foreshadow many common life threatening side effects of new products like drugs and cosmetics. Animal testing could be the reason that many so called safety products drugs which work perfectly on animals would cause so many dangerous side effects on human body. More seriously, it is possible for humans to postulate in from allergic reactions, some blood disorders, sk in lesions and many central nervous system effects that cannot be demonstrated by animal models (Singer, 2006). Most medications are derived from one big contradiction Our government demands that we test all medications on animals prior to continuing to human trials, and it admits that applying animal data to humans is a natural spring of faith.However, animal drug testing cannot guarantee all the medications would apply to humans. Still, many human diseases go uncured. too human health perspective, supporters argue it is necessary to conduct research through animal experimentation. The history of animal experimentation can be traced back a very early time. The earliest references to animal testing are found in the writings of the Greeks in the 2nd and 4th centuries BCE (History of nonhuman animal research, 1984). The achievements of animal testing research cannot be ignored. For example, the Roman physician Galen dissected pigs and apes to demonstrate that veins carry blood, not bloodline as people previously thought.In the early 1600s English doctor William Harvey dissected legion(predicate) types of animals, including frogs and fish, to show how blood circulates the body. During the 1800s, scientists used animals to examine the role of microorganisms in causing disease (Gilland, 2002).Scientists take reward of the animals biological similarity to humans to gain advanced biology and behavior knowledge. Furthermore, scientists can create controlled environments for animals (regulating their diet, temperature, and new(prenominal) factors) in a way that would be difficult for human research subjects. Evidence shows the research progress benefits from animal experimentation. It cannot be denied that the animal experimentation plays a crucial role in research.However, as the denture of animal experimentations increasing drastically over years, there are more animal-rights movements and more morals questions have come to the top. Opponents of animal experi mentation consider it is unethical due to reasons such as it is cruel and inhuman, and it violates animals rights. Firstly, animal testing is always merciless. The condition of where animals are kept within laboratory could be poor, and animals are often exposed to harmful chemicals to see the results. In 1997, people for the Ethical Treatment of Animals filmed staff at heart Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS) in the UK. The staff was hitting puppies, shouting at them, and taking blood samples from the dogs. (Its A Dogs Life,2005). An another(prenominal) example is the primate experiments conducted at the University of Cambridge in 2002.The monkeys in laboratory had undergone surgery to induce a stroke, and were left alone after the procedure for 15 hours overnight. They were only given food for thought and water for two hours a day so that researchers can crack observe their reactions in different situations (Sandra, 2005). The extremely chafe and suffering caused by animal testing has become a serious ethics issue. The second debatable ethics issue is regarding to animals rights. People have started to ask whether animals deserve the same rights as humans. According to humans basic rights, a person may not be killed, cruelly treated, intimidated, or imprisoned for no good reason. Put another way, people should be able to confront in their own needs and preferences. What about animals? Do they deserve the basic respects like humans? There is no doubt that animals experience life as humans do. Animals can feel pain and fear, and they would be desperate in difficult situations.It is true that animals do not have the same abilities as humans. They cannot speak, write or invent things, but neither can some humans. Can we deprive the rights of those humans who lack these abilities? Do we say disabled humans have no inherent value and rights? sure as shooting not, because their lives still has value to them. As philosopher Tom Regan (1985) has said in his argumen t for animal rights we are each of us the experiencing subject of a life, a conscious creature having an individual welfare that has importance to us whatever our usefulness to others animals too must be viewed as the experiencing subjects of a life, with inherent value of their own(p.13).It is not justifiable to harm animals lives for the benefits of humans. Humans tend to regard themselves as the most important and valuable species on earth. However, this opinion is too self-centered and unmoral. Millions of species are all living on this planet, and they all deserve the arrogance to live. Even though there is no doubt that better research progress would be gained from animal testing, we human cannot take the benefits from the misfortune of other species.We are part of this planet, and we have the obligation to protect ecologic balance, not to harm it. Supporters of animal experimentation are also aware of the defects and ethical problems of animal experimentation, but they asse rt there are no effective alternatives to animal testing. As a matter of fact, with the development of technology, there are many more possibilities to conduct experimentations without animals. Thanks to modern technology, more and more non-animal research is being used now all over the world. For example, Pharmagene science laboratoryoratories is the first company to use only human tissues and educate computer technology for the purpose of drug development and testing. People in Pharmagene use sophisticated scanning devices to analyze inner structure of human.With tools from biochemistry, analytical pharmacology, and molecular biology, Pharmagene is able to study human genes and drug effects on the proteins they make. They have made great achievements in the field of non-animal experimentation. Besides, the scientists in Pharmagene believe that the study process would be much more efficient with human tissues instead of animals. They also state there would be lower risk associate d with non-animal experimentation. (Coghlan,1996). As I pointed out before, animal testing can be inconclusive and inaccurate. Also, it is usually expensive to do experiments on animals. On the contrary, non-animal methods often take less time and cost less to conduct. Effective, affordable, and humane research methods include sophisticated in vitro, genomic, and computer-modeling techniques as well as studies of human populations, volunteers, and patients. Why do we have to conduct the cruel, immoral animal testing which cost us money and effort? People can use these effective alternatives instead.Today, animal experimentations are still used widespread in areas of biology, behavior study, medical research, and drug testing. Although supporters of animal experimentations argue that animal testing is beneficial for human health, critical for research purposes, there are strong evidence showing that animal experimentation might not be necessary. Animal experimentation can cause a lot of dangerous side effects in drug testing. Moreover, Peoples diseases cannot be accurately treated through animal experimentation. Also, there are serious moral issues associated with animal testing, and we should not take the benefits from the misfortune of other species. People need to be aware of the disadvantages of animal testing and seek for better alternatives. Non-animal methods often take less time and cost less to conduct. With the development of technology, there would be more and more effective alternatives to animal testing. Due to the various disadvantages of animal experimentation, we ought to abandon animal testing and focus on better solutions. I believe humans can benefit more from non-animal experimentationsReferencesAnimal Experimentation.(2011). Hoboken, NJ Wiley.Balls, M. Statement on the Application of the Epiderm Human Skin Model for Skin Corrosivity Testing. New York, NY Metropolitan. Cohen, C. (2001). The Animal Rights Debate. Lanham, MD Rowman. Coghlan, A , (1996). Pioneers Cut turn up Animal Testing. New Scientist, 9, 31-33. Deborah, L. (2009). Novel Multicellular Organotypic Models of Normal and Malignant embrace Tools for Dissecting the Role of Microenvironmen in Breast Cancer Progression. Breast Cancer Research, 11, p.3. Festing, S. (2008). Animal Researcha Defense. Retrieved from http//www. Newstatesman.con/life-and-society/2008/03/animal-rights-debate. Gilland, T. (2002). Animal Experimentation Good or Bad? London Hodder. Its a Dogs Life. (2005). Small World Productions, pp. 54, 56. Laboratory hierarch Advocacy Group. (1984). History of nonhuman animal Research. Boston, MA Bedford.Regan, T. (1985). The Case for animal rights. New York Basil Blackwell. Sandra, L.(2005). Lab monkeys in tests. The Grardian. p. R3. Singer, P. (2006). In Defense of Animals The Second Wave. Malden, MA Blackwell.Thomas, P.(2008). Animal TestingDangerous to Human Health. Retrieved From http//www.newstatesman/life-and-society/2008/animal-right

The System of Inquiry Essay Example for Free

The System of Inquiry EssayThe basic framework of the system of inquiry is to eliminate bias in determining the appropriateness of the accomplishmentions and decisions of cordial workers in NASW. It in any case includes the consideration for the welf atomic number 18 of the people to whom the services of the loving workers are rendered without prejudicing the public assistance of the neighborly workers at the kindred time. In essence, the basic framework revolves around the idea of withholding judgment until all the pertinent facts are considered and the natures of the ethical situations are analyzed. This basic framework result be use because affectionate workers oftentimes ken with ethical quandarys where the ethically sound and valid decisions are difficult to identify. In some cases, the options available for social workers are ethically permissible and yet they are required to choose only one option. It is and so imperative to choose the most suitable option with the least corresponding harmful consequences possible. Otherwise, the prudent act of choosing carefully from the possible ethical options becomes a futile undertaking. The system of inquiry will be apply only after the facts of the case are identified.Thereafter, the applicable sections of the NASW calculate of moral philosophy will be used as bases for determining the ethical worth of the actions or decisions of the social workers under study. A selected panel will head the investigations of the cases, the results of which are still subject to appeal, after which the decision will be considered final and irrevocable. Thus, the NASW Code of Ethics will not only serve as an immediate guide for the members of the organization. It will in like manner function as an objective arbiter during investigations of ethical complaints or breaches in the proposed ethical conduct of social workers.The System of Inquiry As far as the NASW Code of Ethics is concerned, the primary role of socia l workers is to promote the wellbeing of clients because clients rice beers are primary (Code of Ethics of the National intimacy of cordial Workers). Thus, social workers are expected to set aside their personal bias and new(prenominal) personal concerns when professionally dealing with their clients. Senior leaders in the profession are likewise expected to secure the professionalism of the social workers because these senior leaders can create, maintain, or change culture (Managing Business Ethics Chapter09, p. 230).In other words, the observation that senior leaders can influence the outlook of the organization and its members implies the responsibility to make accepted that direction of the actions and decisions of the members are aligned with the policies of the organization including the NASW Code of Ethics. There are instances when social workers face the dilemma of whether or not to allow the request of their clients which social workers know are harmful or do not provi de any benefits to their clients.As an example, some social workers in the health profession whitethorn face the situation where their diligent requests that his deportment support system should be cut for personal or family reasons. It may be that the patients family can no longer shoulder the expenses of providing a life support system to their patient-relative. A variation of this situation is when the terminally-ill patient is no longer capable of make an informed decision on what he wants to be done as far as his aesculapian needs are concerned. As a result, the relatives of the patients are prompted to act or decide on behalf of their terminally-ill family member.In such cases, there arises a conflict in the interests of the patient and the social worker. On one hand, the interest of the social worker is to promote the welfare of the client at all times as a primary concern and as far as the NASW Code of Ethics is concerned, specifically section 1. 01 otherwise known as C ommitment to Clients. On the other hand, the interest of the patient or the relatives is to cease the life support system of their relative who is terminally ill. Most often than not, the attending doc is prompted by the circumstances to shoot the breeze with his immediate superiors.In this case, the superior of the attending physician will have to use the NASW Code of Ethics as basis for the decision. Section 1. 02 of the NASW Code of Ethics states that social workers should not only respect just also promote their clients rights to self-determination and assist their clients in their efforts to identify and clarify their goals (Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers). Taking into account this section of the Code, it is apparent that the superior should respect the decision of the patient or the relatives of the patient to cut-off the life-support of the terminally-ill patient.It is suggested that it is not within the boundaries of either the attending phys ician or the superior of the physician to force their clients to follow the decision of the social worker. Since it is the primary obligation of the social worker to promote the welfare of the client, it follows that the social worker should not insist to sustain the life of the patient. It is this instance that shows how the right to self-determination of the patient may override the duty of the social worker.

Study of Chinese Wine Consumption Essay Example for Free

Study of Chinese booze-colo personnel casualty-colo wild Consumption tryAbstract Pur pulsate This research aims to examine Chinese consumers booze-colou blushing(a)-colou ablaze(p) usage and buy behaviour. Design/ methodology/approach The study, conducted during the Chinese New Year in early 2006, applyd in-depth interviews with 15 consumers in Guangzhou, Peoples majority rule of chinaw be. Findings The results suggest that Chinese consume Chinese spirit up for entirely cause, yet consume tearing vino only for special occasions such as Chinese new year and other holidays. A key point for selling ruddy vino to the Chinese is its positive image whoop it uping ruby booze is geted trendy and shows cracking examine. A nonher key point is consumer perceptions of red drink as ruddy than Chinese spirits because vino-coloured contains little alcohol. Two other findings be that most Chinese consumers sweep up all wine is red wine and have little wine s pangledge. Most respondents did not know of white wine or that Australia produces wine. Finally, chinas culture of depend value, mianzi, plays a key role in purchasing and consuming wine. Chinese tend to grease ones palms in high-priced wine for private consumption and public occasions, a menable more mianzi in front of others.In some distinguished occasions, consumers leave alone purchase a unusual (French) red wine to impress their guests and obtain even more mianzi. In most situations, Chinese purchase and consume wine for perceived wellness and symbolic lucky or good face values. search limitations/implications The small ingest size is a limitation. Another limitation is that all the respondents lived in the urban celestial sphere of Guangzhou, one of Chinas most developed cities. The findings do not generalize to China.Practical implications The findings suggest that wine is a symbolic intersection point rather than a necessity product in China in that respectfo re, image is an important attribute for selling wine in China. Furthermore, limited wine knowledge tends to make Chinese consumers hope heavily on price for their wine purchasing decisions, as price relates to mainzi. Chinese consumers high consciousness of France as a wine making country and their deep-rooted positive beliefs virtually French wines pose difficulties for marketing other distant wines, such as Australian wines, in China.Originality/value This is perhaps the offset academic study in English of Chinese wine consumption and wine purchasing. It offers important insights on the distinctives of wine consumption and purchasing in China. Keywords Consumers, Consumption, China, Wines, cherry-red wines Paper type Research paper 98 Fang Liu and Jamie Murphy International Journal of Wine art Research Vol. 19 No. 2, 2007 pp. 98-113 Emerald Group publishing Limited 1751-1062 DOI 10. 1108/17511060710758669.Introduction Chinese wine production has grown dramatically since the 1980s, with an average yearbook increase of 14 per cent from 80,000 tons in 1980 to 440,000 tons in 2005 (ASKCI, 2005 Snapshot, 2005 see Figure 1). Wine consumption has risen alongside the wine production. From 2004 to 2005, Chinese wine consumption reached 420,000 tons 564 million bottles, which brought China into the top ten wine consumption countries (Foodmate, 2007). From 2005 to 2010, Foodmate (2007) estimates that Chinese wine Chinese wine consumption 99 Wine production in China (1980-2005) Figure 1.consumption should increase by 35 per cent, or six times the worlds all overall increase in wine consumption. Chinas per capita wine consumption of under 0. 5 litres is markedly less than the world average of 7. 5 litres, and 40 times less than the 20 litres inebriate in Hesperian countries such as France, Australia, and the USA ( Jin, 2004). For the past 10 years, Chinese wine consumption increased from 10-15 per cent annually, grew 20 per cent in 2005, and this strong exploitation should continue for the foreseeable prox ( Jin and Zhan, 2006).Chinas current low per capita wine consumption, augmented by the worlds largest population (1.25 billion) and decades of 7-8 per cent annual GDP growth (NBS China, 2004) has outside wineries keen for a share of this market. In addition, a reduced wine import duty and the Chinese governments preferential policy for foreign wines further entice foreign wineries into China (SinoCast China Business Daily News, 2002). Foreign wines, particularly from France, the USA, and Australia, are pouring into China (He, 2004). From January to February 2006, China imported around 18 million litres of wine valued at E14 million, and its annual wine imports increased 79 per cent in 2005 (Worldbydata, 2006).Chinas wine market is also becoming competitive, with many local and foreign brands useable (Tang, 2005). Despite its broad market potential, academic knowledge about Chinese consumers wine consumption and purchases is s carce. This paper reviews writings on Chinese wine consumption and then discusses the results of qualitative interviews conducted in early 2006 in Guangzhou, China. The paper closes with passenger vehicleial suggestions for exporting wine into China and proposed avenues for future research. Chinas wine history China has a luxuriant wine history.Towards the beginning of the Han Dynasty, around 206 BC, Chinese started to grow grapes and produce wines in the Yellow River region of northeastern China (Winechina, 2005). Grape wine production, however, lagged other alcoholic beverages such as Chinese spirits collectable to defy and soil conditions. During IJWBR 19,2 100 the Tang Dynasty, about 500 AD, there was liquid little Chinese wine production and China began importing wines, mainly from the Middle East. Due to its scarcity, only emperors, senior government officials, and rich merchants drank wine usually for important occasions such as the emperors birthday (Winechina, 2005). Chinese spirits are alcoholic beverages distilled from grains and have been the traditional drink for nearly all occasions in China. Furthermore, due to historic and cultural reasons, wine has never gained the same popularity as rice spirits or beer (Li, 2006) tradition still influences who drinks wine and on what occasion. Wine is two a luxury and image product in China. Chinese who drink wine are usually educated, wealthy, and middle or upper class (Wang, 2006). Demographics aside, many Chinese consume wine for important friendly or business occasions (Tang, 2006b).Wine has a easy image in China, but most Chinese have little wine knowledge or appreciation, such as judging wine quality or taste ( Jin, 2004). Macro-factors also hinder Chinas wine market. For example, fewer guidelines for wine advertising have led to many wine advertisements providing exaggerated or ill-advised information (Peoplenet, 2006). Yet, despite Chinas rich wine history and growing wine consumption, few studies have examined Chinese wine consumption and wine purchasing. The next section describes a qualitative study to help duad this research gap of Chinese consumers attitudes towards wine.Research methodology Due to the complex topic and limited literature of Chinese consumers wine purchasing behaviour, this study adopted a qualitative method (Morse, 1994). Scholars often use qualitative methods in organizational and consumer research in order to help understand complex issues that may not be immediately implicit in surface responses (Goulding, 2005, p. 301). Furthermore, the qualitative approach is particularly tending(predicate) for experiences such as consumption (Goulding, 2005, p. 303). This study investigated Chinese consumers thoughts associated with wine, wine drinking, and wine purchasing.The major research questions were (1) when and where Chinese consume wine (2) how frequently they drink wine (3) how much they drink per occasion and (4) what factors influence their wine purchasing. For a qualitative approach, this study used in-depth interviews and a semi-structured questionnaire of open-ended questions. Data collection All interviewees were friends of the research worker and thus inclined to discuss frankly and openly their attitudes towards wine. Interviewing friends is common in qualitative studies as friends depart accept the interview as well as share intimate thoughts (Frankel and Devers, 2000 Pottie and Sumarah,2004).The criteria for selecting interviewees were availability, that they had consumed wine, and represented a match crosssection of age, gender, and income. Table I profiles the golf club male and six female interviewees. Four interviewees were in their 20s, tetrad in their 30s, five in their 40s, and deuce in their 50s. Defining Chinese income levels is difficult distinct plains have different income levels and income disparity is a serious problem (Zhou, 2006). Chinas average ID A B C D sexual activity manly Male Mal e Male Age 33 24 42 23. gameest education University University fourth-year high New Zealand university Collegea old high University freshman University Senior high College Junior high Senior high Income Median clinical depression High Median Occupation Marketing executive Engineer abetter _or_ abettor Restaurant owner Bank customer service officer Washing business owner little(a) business owner University student Retired senior executive Working in a beauty break Airline middle management Housewife Retired government official Lecturer Entrepreneur Account manager Marital status conjoin with one child Single conjoin with two children Single.Overseas trip None None HK and Singapore Studied in New Zealand visited Australia. None HK None Holland, South Korea and a few others None Holland, Japan, Malaysia and HK None HK, Singapore, Thailand, Australia and a few others HK and Australia None HK Chinese wine consumption hundred and one E F G H I J K L Male Male Male Male Female Fe male Female Female 43 44 19 60 40 25 40 58 High High Low Median Median Low Low Median Married with one child Married with one child Single Married with one child Married with one child Single Married with one son Married with two adult children Married with one child Married with two children Single.M N O Female Male Male 30 35 34 University High school University Median High Median Notes aCollege degree, da zhuan, is a leash-year degree. A university degree, da xue, is four years. In China, the bachelor degree is four years and a three-year degree is not a bachelor. A four-year degree is much more valued than a three-year degree Interviewee profiles Table I. personal income per month is around E40, but E120 in Guangdong, Shanghai, and a few other developed areas. Even within the same area such as Guangdong, peck in urban areas could earn approximately four times as much (E480) as tidy sum hold in the rural areas.Thus, differentiating low and middle income depends on developed o r less developed areas as well as rural or urban areas (Sina, 2006). As the interviews took place in an urban area of Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong and one of Chinas most prosperous cities (NBS China, 2004), this study IJWBR 19,2 102 classified four subjects earning E530 as high income. Regarding education, nine subjects had or were studying towards a university degree and six had a high school diploma. The profiles show that the sample has good coverage in gender, age, income, and education level.The researcher a Chinese from Guangzhou, conducted and taped one hour indepth interviews in Chinas official language, Mandarin. The interviews occurred from 29 January to 12 February 2006, during the Chinese New Year, an official holiday of about two weeks. Choosing this festive period for interviewing had three advantages. Interviewees are generally in a good mood and less interested with the time spent on an interview. Finally, during Chinese New Year, Chinese have banquets with f riends, colleagues, and family once or twice a day and usually drink alcoholic beverages when eating.Interviewees were comfortable and less inhibited answer questions related to to wine and other alcoholic drinks. Data analyses Transcribing and analysing the taped interviews reinforced and clarified the interview notes. Furthermore, aft(prenominal) reviewing the initial narratives, the researcher returned to some interviewees for a follow-up interview and clarifications (Colaizzi, 1978). General findings follow. Wine means red wine When the researcher asked have you tried wine, pu tao jiu, ten interviewees instantly asked do you mean red wine, or ni shi shuo hong pu tao jiu ma?After the researcher explained that wine could be red or white, they said they knew and had drunk only red wine. They never tried nor knew about white wine. In their minds, there were four types of alcoholic drinks hong jiu or red wine, pi jiu or beer, bai jiu or Chinese spirits, and yang jiu or foreign spi rits. Similarly, Fu (2004) noted that most Chinese think red wine represents the entire wine category. Of the five interviewees who knew both red wine and white wine, D and H mostly drank red wine, as it was more available in the market.A and C mostly drank red wines, albeit for a different reason red is a lucky colour in the Chinese culture. The other subject, J, also drank more red wine due to availability, but she preferred white wines as they were sweeter. She added that companies should promote white wine much more crisply in China. These results suggest that Chinese have poor general knowledge about wine twothirds of the interviewees were incognizant of white wine. White wine may be less popular because it does not fit Chinese culture. Red is a lucky colour, associated with good things such as weddings and birthdays.White is an unlucky colour, often associated with funerals. besides the lucky association, Fu (2004) argued that red wine sold better in China as it has a strong er taste than white wine the Chinese prefer strong taste. Given the low awareness of white wine, the sideline section discusses Chinese consumers attitudes towards red wine only (see Table II). Chinese attitudes associated with red wine When asked about thoughts associated with red wine, all 15 interviewees began with differences between red wine and Chinese spirits. Later, interviewees B and I compared red wine with beer and J compared red wine with foreign spirits.In these Chinese Thoughts Choosing red wine or Chinese spirits depends on the occasion Red wine is less strong and thus healthier than Chinese spirits Red wine has positive symbolic meaning (e. g. lucky and prosperous) Red wine is particularly good for occasions such as spring festivals or celebrating good things Drinking red wine indicates good mixer image People drinking red wine disquiets about their face or image Drinking wine is more elegant and gracious than drinking Chinese spirits Red wine is particularly goo d for occasions such as banquets with important guan xi hu.Chinese know much less about wine, than about Chinese spirits Red wine is expensive Well-educated people with good income drink red wine You can assortment red wine with other drinks (e. g. sprite) so you drink less alcohol Beer tastes better than red wine Red wine cannot replace Chinese spirits Red wine is good for those who are not very good at drinking Red wine drinkers are young and modern Wine suits women more than men as it contains less alcohol People who often drink red wine like pursuit western lifestyles Xiaozia prefer red wine Wine suits get-togethers with less familiar or new friends as nobody would get drunk.(getting drunk in public is embarrassing) Red wine tastes good You can mix red wine with other drinks (e. g. sprite) so you can try more varieties than Chinese spirits Red wine is a better gift choice than spirits People above 40, white collared, will like red wine Chinese spirits have a bigger market than red wine as people drinking red wine are a small multitude Wine is for appreciation not for competition like Chinese spirits (Chinese like to compete on the quantity they drink when they consume Chinese spirits) Count 11 8 8 8 7 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.Chinese wine consumption 103 Notes aXiaozi directly translates as small capitalist. Compared to other middle-class Chinese, this subset is extremely concerned with image and tends to consume expensive and branded goods to show that they live better than others do. They often favour western lifestyles Interviewee thoughts associated with red wine Table II. consumers perceptual maps of alcoholic drinks, red wines main competitor was Chinese spirits. cardinal out of 15 interviewees said that drinking Chinese spirits or red wine depended on the occasion or chang he.Among these 11 interviewees, eight said that red wine was particularly good for celebrating Chinese New Year and other holidays as red symbolises prosperit y, luck, and good fortune. Interviewees C, E, and F, all businessmen, said that red wine was good for banquets with important business connections or guan xi hu. This common thread among the businessmen suggested that red wine is starting to appear in business banquets, traditionally dominated by Chinese or foreign spirits.Besides occasion, another important thought related to red wine was attributes. Red wines health scene was the most important, and most recalled, attribute. Some of this perception may stem from Chinese Prime Minister Zhus 1997 livery promoting IJWBR 19,2 104 red wine as healthy (Anderson, 2001). Eight of 15 interviewees believed that red wine was healthier than Chinese spirits as it contained less alcohol. Of these eight interviewees, four were high income earners (C, E, F, and N) and four were middle income (A, H, I, and M).Living healthy is an emerging trend for Chinas middleand upper-income classes, so red wines health aspect probably attracts wealthier Chi nese. Comments from subject C, a businessperson, cover the major perceived benefits that Chinese consumers had regarding drinking red wine (see below). Due to his age, he appeared to emphasise the health aspect of the red wine. If I had a choice, I would drink red wines in most social get-togethers.Red wines contain less alcohol so it is not as lie (strong) as Chinese spirits or foreign spirits therefore, it is better for health. You know, at my age, when you reach 40, you must take care of your health. You cant drink alcohol as if you drank when you were 18 or 20 year old. Also, there are different ways of drinking red wine such as straight red wine or red wine mixed with something else like a cocktail (so it is less alcoholic). Even elderly people and young kids can drink red wines whilst these people wont be up for Chinese or foreign spirits.In addition, red wine indicates good luck so it is good for important occasions such as birthday parties and festivals. Other attributes men tioned were red wine indicates good social image people who drink it have good taste (B, C, E, G, I, M, and O). Red wine is expensive (B, G, and O), beer tastes better than red wine (B and M), and red wine is not strong enough (B). Compared with the health and social image, the other attributes seemed less important. Consumers respect products on intrinsic and extrinsic cues (Ophuis and van Trijp, 1995).Wines intrinsic cues include physical attributes such as colour, aroma, and taste, which cannot be changed without changing the physical product itself extrinsic cues associate with the product but are not physically part of the product such as brand, price, and distribution (Dimara and Skuras, 2001, p. 692). Healthy seems an extrinsic attribute as it stems from the perceptions that red wine contains less alcohol than Chinese spirits, and red wine is a fruit- rather than rice-based drink. Good social image is also an extrinsic cue.The above analyses indicate that extrinsic rather th an intrinsic attributes dominate Chinese consumers perceptions. This also suggests that Chinese consumers know little about wine and aligns with studies of intrinsic vs extrinsic cues. Expert consumers, learned about the product, rely more on intrinsic product cues, while novice consumers with little product knowledge tend to rely more on extrinsic cues (Maheswaran, 1994 Laroche, 2005). A final category of thoughts related to who consumes wine.The most frequently mentioned statement was red wine drinkers are conscious about their face or image (B, H, I, J, and M). Being conscious of mianzi, directly translated as face (Graham and Lam, 2003), is a key Chinese characteristic people are conscious of what other people think about them (Zhang, 1996). Four respondents (D, G, J, and I) noted that drinking wine was more elegant and gracious than drinking Chinese spirits. Two subjects (M and O) commented that people who often drink red wine like to follow the western ways of life as red win e indicates something non-Chinese or, in particular, western.These results confirm the importance of extrinsic cues. Drinking red wine suggests good social image, elegance, and grace, all of which indicate good mianzi. However, the perception that red wine drinkers are conscious about their mianzi could be negative. For example, humble M, a well-educated female in her early 30s, told the researcher that Red wine is particularly spellbinding to those Xiaozi (Small Bourgeois) people but I am not a Xiaozi type of person. (Why? ) Well, I will consider myself a middle-class person with good income and education but a Xiaozi person is different.Xiaozi is not mulish by education or income, but rather by the xingtai (values). Some people may not have high income but they are very concerned with their public image. They want to be seen as unique and different. When they speak, they will always use a few English words in a Chinese sentence. They would also speak Chinese with a somewhat dif ferent qiangdiao (intonation). They like to follow the trends and fashions from western countries. For example, they would drink Cappuccino rather than tea.A Xiaozi type of person may earn only 3000 yuan a month but he or she could spend 4000 yuan on a Luis Vuitton bag. Frankly speaking, Cantonese (Chinese keep in and around Guangdong province) people seem to be less xiaozi because Cantonese are very shiji (practical or exhaust to earth) so they care more about the actual functions or benefits of a product rather than the image. For example, a rich Cantonese man may drive a BMW (an expensive car in China) but he will stop in a small takeaway at a street quoin to buy a bowl of beef noodles if he thinks the noodles are good.This will never happen with a Xiaozi type of person. Chinese wine consumption 105 The drinking scent When asked how often they drank wine, the responses were one to three times a month (A, C, D, E, and F), one to three times a year ( J, K, L, M, N, and O), and o nce or twice in their life (B, G, and I). Four out of the five heavy drinkers, albeit light drinkers compared to Australians, were businessmen over 40, and had the highest income. They had more opportunities to drink red wine as they attended more business and social functions.