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THE CERTIFICATE OF ADMINISTRATION TRAVEL, TOURISM & hospitality (CATTH) CERTIFICATE OF ADMINISTRATION IN TRAVEL, TOURISM & HOSPITALITY (CATTH) 1. Philosophy The security measures in administration in Travel rubing carry and Hospitality is intentional to develop young Namibians to effectively manage the countries tourism resources to ensure preserve g wranglingth of the industry. The human body appeals to staff al sympathisey working in the field and those aspiring to join the industry as employees or operators to its relevance and functional approach.The sort prep bes scholarly persons for a role that leave ensure adequate military personnel resource to manage the growing tourism industry in Namibia and abroad. The course leave give the student the necessary skills to work or shape in a very demanding environment. It will en adequate to(p) graduates to advance to the high award in Travel touristry and Hospitality or elaboration meaningful employment, start own ope ration or act as a tourism consultant. 2. Programme Outcomes By the time the graduate finishes the Certificate of Administration, he/she will be equipped with knowledge, skills and requisite attitude to effectively operate to work in the tourism industry. . Objectives ( bearing) ? By the end of the course, the student will be expected to appreciate tourism industry and the mount in which it operates. ? To get the student to understand concepts in Travel touristry and Hospitality. ? Understand the role of marketing and conference in break down tourism and hospitality. ? To give students the theory and practice of administration and chronicle musical arrangements in travel tourism and hospitality. ? Appreciation of the role of government in managing tourism resources. 4. history Standards (Admission Requirements)To be registered for any of the courses, candidates must Hold HIGCSE senior certificate in iv subjects with 1- 4 symbols OR Hold a Grade 12 senior certificate (IGCSE) with a minimum of C symbol in English Language, a pass in maths and a C symbol in three other subjects amount of moneying twenty five points or more OR Enter through flexible acquisition form mature age/prior learning with five years pertinent experience in various fields of world of work. Apart from a valid IGCSE 22 certificate, applicants must excessively ease up attained a minimum of 25 points on the IUM military rank scale.Please note that achievement of these requirements will not automatically guarantee a place on the spirit level course, it will be subject to a triumphful interview/ cleverness test (as required) and availability of places. OR The equivalent of any of the above as determined by Senate. 5. Teaching Methods The students will be expected to be responsible for their own learning, nobody can learn for somebody else. fierceness will be placed upon the need for a student to read extensively in each of the subjects. The role of the lecturer is to stimulate learning and to support and guide that process.Programmed reading will support these endeavours. A extensive melt down of teaching methods will be employed by lecturers from tralatitious lectures through to small decision-making groups, as well as the handling of pedagogy films and videos, and advanced stock simulations. 6. Learning Standards Class contributions by the students will be encouraged and the extent to which these contributions conform to the teachings of the Certificate of Administration in Travel, touristry and Hospitality will be an important facet in the conquest of the student.Individual assignments will be set by the lecturer every ii weeks and should usually exceed the standard of the exam. Like the group assignments these will unremarkably teach the form of a duplicated handout, that should be returned with the finished assignment. The student will be expected to carry these out without help. It is in the students interest to carry out these tests wit h integrity. They will be marked anonymously by their fellow students against a given marking plan.The tutors will use these results to monitor student progress and to make decisions as to whether the student is rig to sit exams when the time comes. (Students may not sit exams unless the lecturer feels he or she has a good chance of succeeding). 7. doctrines System As per international accep padle formula, one (1) computer address equates ten (10) notion hours (learning). These hours do not include the hours spent by a student in a class. A first year degree IUM student will, therefore, take up one hundred (100) credits. 8. Course Outline Certificate of Administration (100 trusts) ?Mathematics for transmission line 33 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Spoken and Business English Computer Literacy nonrecreational Presentations Report penning Namibian and Regional economics entre to Business handbill statement I Business Communications I Introduction to Travel, Tourism and Hospitality 9. discernment & Evaluation The assessment system comprises two components ? around-the-clock Assessment (CA) attracts 40% of the lowest grade ? Formal Exams (FE) attracts 60% of the final grade. The evaluation system comprises two components ? Students will be asked to complete evaluation sheets for each subject studied ?An outside(a) evaluator will measure out the course in ground of course content, teaching methods, course resources and assessments. 10. adjunction IUM subjects articulate from Certificate/Diploma to Certificate/Diploma as per the educational activity in course contents Faculty will decide if and how course work from qualifications from other institutions will articulate with IUM courses. Appeals may be submitted to Senate 11. Credit Transfer Internal students that apply for advanced standing or credit accumulation or credit transfer will have their cases considered by the relevant faculty.Students from outside IUM will have their cases considered by the relev ant faculty. Credit from outside institutions may be awarded up to fifty percent of total credits for any qualification conducted by IUM. Appeals may be submitted to Senate 44 ENG 111- Professional Presentation NQF aim 5 module Outcomes ? ? ? impute 10 leaven good communication skills Speech, Listening, scripted. Apply tolerate visuals in line of merchandise communication. Employ investigative and interview skills in credit line situations. Course meaning ? Analysing the importance of good speech and associated characteristics in business. Appreciating the determine of listening and getting useful techniques to make a better listener. ? Learning how professional speeches and presentations are planned and delivered. ? Understanding how to use the telephone effectively and efficiently. ? Learning round the reasons for meetings and interviews taking place in business organisations. ? Appreciating the steps that need to take place for planning successful meetings and intervi ews. ? Studying assorted documents required for egg meetings. ? Analysing the showcases of interviews that take place and the types of questions asked. Learning how to prepare advertisements, work descriptions and press releases. ? Creating advertisements, job descriptions and press releases. ? Appreciating the different types of visual aid equipment that can be employ in business communication. ? Studying the use of visuals in business communication. ? Considering how scripted communication can be enhanced through the use of food coloring and lettering styles. ENG 112 Spoken Business English NQF take aim 5 impute 10 faculty Outcomes ? Explain linguistics concepts and principles. ? imbibe communication. ? Explain the decide and role of seminars.Course Content Linguistics ? Applied Linguistics ? Pronunciation ? wording ? Grammar 55 Tutorials ? Selection and formulation of tapes ? Effective deliberation tapes ? SWOT epitome Perception and Application ? ? ? Seminars ? ? ? Purpose of seminars Acceptable conduct in a seminar Seminar presentation How to illustrate communication Barriers to effective communication How to achieve success in communicated speech MTH 132 Mathematics for Business NQF Level 5 Module Outcomes ? ? ? Credits 10 consider rudimentary mathematical models and algebraic computations.Apply BODMAS acronym and its wide-cut application. Calculate basic business and pecuniary transactions. Course Content ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Applying the four rules of whole numbers, fractions and decimals Multiplying and dividing negative numbers Comparing numbers use ratios, proportions and percentages. Obtaining values for simple financial transactions involving purchases, wages, taxation, discounts. Converting foreign currencies Making calculations involving roots and powers Evaluating terms involving a sequence of operations and use of brackets.Approximating data using move and significant figures. Solving linear and simple simultane ous equations Determine the equations of a straight line through two points. Determining the gradient and kibosh of a straight line Drawing charts and diagrams from tabular data Applying cosmopolitan rule and principles of graphical constructions including axes, choice of scale and zero. Identifying points of importance e. g. maximum, minimum and break-even. designing and interpreting summary statistics, to wit measures of location 66 mean, mode, median) and measures of dispersion (range, interquartile range and standard deviation) ? Applying the laws of probability to mutually exclusive, independent and dependent events. ENG 113 Report Writing NQF Level 5 Module Outcomes ? ? ? Distinguish and employ various reports. pose and use clear and concise language. Practice proper report crap verbally skills. Credits 10 Course Content Nature and Purpose of Reports ? ? ? emergency of reports Formats for composition reports Use of clear and concise language Informative Reports ? ? ?Purpose Situations where used Case studies Analytical reports ? ? ? Purpose Situations where used Case studies possible Report Writing ? ? ? ? Formulation of Assignment Report presentation Assessment Correspondence ? ? ? ? Letters Memos Faxes Orderly in expression of requested impression 77 Field Activity ? ? Practical like report writing Assessment and evaluation CSE 135 Computer Literacy NQF Level 5 Module Outcomes ? ? Credits 10 Demonstrate computer literacy skills. Illustrate Information applied science appreciation in problem solving. Course Content Introduction to Microcomputers ?Overview of the emergence of computers ? Multi-user computers mainframes and minicomputers, personal computers and their configuration. ? Essential PC Hardware, peripherals and software. ? Introduction to the main types of Software. ? Binary codes and the microprocessor ? Types of PCs their uses and enduringness ? Introduction to Operating Systems (DOS & Windows) ? Information processing o nline, offline processing, real-time, batch processing, single tasking and multitasking ? circulating(prenominal) IT issues open & proprietary systems and compatibility, information systems security. Data communications Introduction to Networks, aboriginal and distributed computing, wide area and global networks. Microsoft Windows ? Navigating the desktop, customising the desktop, file and folder management, installing and de-installing a program ? Logging onto an internet Service Provider or Online service of process provider, managing the mailbox, email security, using a browser and hunting engine effectively and downloading pages, refining searches Microsoft Word ? Open a blank document and type text, recognise the toolbars, Ruler Bar, Scroll Bar, Status Bar ? Spell checking, search and replace, thesaurus ?Page set-up, styles and general Formatting 88 ? Creating a tab set, Columns, Tables and Borders/Shading/Page ? Use word Processor Wizard to create a document such as a fa x, an invitation or a CV ? Print preview and printing Microsoft Excel ? Start a blank spreadsheet and navigate between workbooks and sheets ? Enter data, change column widths and row heights, Formatting values, Calculating, creating and understanding formulae, using Math and statistical functions ? Creating and editing charts ? automobile Form Introduction to Presentations ? Create and present a simple show. Keyboarding ?Introduction to the keyboard and basic typing skills ? Introduction to touch typing to be able to acquire at least 35wpm. FIN 111 Namibian and Regional Economics NQF Level 5 Credits 10 Module Outcomes ? ? ? Demonstrate basic economics concepts and principles. Describe economic problems and corresponding economic systems. Explain Namibias economic competitive edge over SADC countries. Course Content ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Analysing the Namibian economic structure (namely, Mining, Agriculture, Fishing, Tourism) infrastructure (Transport and Telecommunication), Banking, Insu rance.Analysing the Namibian government structure namely Legislation, Judiciary and Executive. Understanding government development plans of government (NDP 1 & NDP 2) Describing the economies of southerly Africa (Angola, Botswana, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Lesotho, Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania and Democratic Republic of Congo) Examining Namibias competitiveness in the local anestheticity and beyond A case study of Namibias industrial form _or_ system of government and the export processing zone initiative in particular.Explaining Namibias plunk for in SACU, SADC, COMESA, WTO, and AGOA. 99 SBM 115 Introduction to Business I NQF Level 5 Credits 10 Module Outcomes ? ? ? Distinguish between different types of business in public and private sectors. Compare the processes and strategies used by businesses. Analyse business financials. Course Content ? ? ? ? ? ? ? To investigate the purpose and constitution of business, looking at the different types of organisation s within the Public and Private area. Including the activity, size, advantages and disadvantages of a business.To describe the hierarchy and the external influences of both Private and Public Sector companies including conducting a PEST analysis. Researching the services available to organisations including financial services, consultancy services and local government funding. Demonstrate an understanding of how to market a business taking into account statement the location, marketing mix, product lifecycle, customer needs and relating this to the overall business objective. Demonstrate knowledge of the production processes, quality, stock command and the factors internal and external that affect production within an organisation.Human resource management within a business, to include recruiting, reachroll, training and development of employees and health and safety issues. Business pay being able to demonstrate an understanding of symmetry sheets and profit and sack account s within a Public and Private sector organisation. FIN 1129 Accounting I NQF Level 5 Credits 10 Module Outcomes ? ? ? ? Demonstrate basic appreciation of accounting theory and practice. Calculate and use conquer compriseing methods to specific business transactions.Practice and illustrate preparation of books of accounts. Interpret financial statements. Course Content ? ? furbish up a trading, profit and loss account, balance sheet and cash flow report for sole trader, partnerships and limited liability companies, after taking into account a normal range of margin to the trial balance necessary for such preparation. Recognise and apply eliminate accounting conventions to a range of transactions within the context of the accounting regulatory requirements. 10 10 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Explain and describe the charm of account for different types of accounting transactions and be able to prepare a trial balance from these books of account. To prepare and maintain a rang e of control accounts appropriate to the books of account. To prepare journal entries and deal with the treatment of suspense account items. Operate, calculate and interpret a range of basic financial ratios appropriate to a set of financial statements, particularly in the key areas of profitability, solvency liquidity, plus utilization and coronation ratios.Employ the basic principles of cost behaviour cost ascertainment and to be able to Classify direct overhead allocation summary Prepare an indirect overhead allocation summary Calculate overhead recovery rates by a variety of techniques and to apply these for the purpose of cost compilation. Explain the discrepancy between fixed and variable costs. Calculate the difference between fixed and variable costs. Calculate break-even points of activity and prepare break-even charts. jimmy and pardon the limitations of break-even analysis.Understanding the basic principles of different costing techniques and to be able to touch on the different costing techniques Explain and understand the differences between each technique, and Calculate cost using any of the techniques. Understand the basic principles of capital investing appraisal and be able to calculate and interpret figures using the pay back, accounting rate of return or discounted cash flow methods of investment appraisal. BAN 1117 Business Communication I NQF Level 5 Credits 10Module Outcomes ? Illustrate the purpose of Business Communication. ? Explain the communication process using the Communication Theory. ? Demonstrate the communication process in Business Communication. ? Describe the various tools used in Business Communication. Course Content ? ? ? How to pen business correspondence including letters, memos and advertisements. The use of business English in written form looking at spelling, paragraphs, presentation of information and appropriate business language used.To learn and understand the basic principals of communication, includi ng learning how to overcome barriers of communication, appropriate channels of communication, the purpose of communication and presentation of self when communicating. 11 11 ? ? To be able to communicate information in the form of graphs, this also includes identifying trends from the data. To learn and understand the different types of technology used within communication and the effects of it on business and the organisation.TTH 1217 Intro to Travel, Tourism and Hospitality NQF Level 5 Credits 10 Module Outcomes ? ? ? Recognize the importance of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality in relation to National Economic Development. Describe and explain the contribution of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality to the National Gross Domestic Product. cop the economic, social/cultural and environmental impacts of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality. Course Content ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The interrelation and interdependence between unoccupied, recreation, travel and tourism.The significance of eco nomic, social, cultural, political and environment trends of patterns of leisure and tourism. The characteristics of different types of tourists and their motivational behaviour. The supply and demand of tourist travel. The dimensions of the travel system in relation to tourism The main motivational factors that influence the tourists choice of travel. Evolution of international travel and transport developments that have affected tourism. The relationship between the development of the inclusive package tour and mass tourism.The basic requirement to development of a tourism destination. The roles of, and the relationships between, the main intermediaries within a simple tour distribution system. Governments interest and involvement with main public tourism organization at both national and international levels. Future trends within the travel and tourism sectors. Upon successful completion of this course, the student is awarded a Certificate of Administration in Travel, Tourism and Hospitality. 12 12

Deming’s 14 Points

One of Demings sets was pertinent to attractorship. He felt up that the aim of supervision should be to suffice state and machines and gadgets to do a better stemma. superintendence of management is in need of an overhaul, as healthy as supervision of production engagementers. (Cohen, 2008) leadinghip influences lot in range to achieve the set target. It defines what the future should look like, aligns mountain with that vision and inspires throng to attain that vision despite of any hurdles (Hughes, 2006).Leadership is the artistic production of helping unproductive workers and machinery to be productive, organizations is full of inefficient workers and equipments and it is the duty of the leader to make proficient use of these resources. A good leader aims to film the barriers in the organization so that improvement depose plow beam not only in the workers plainly also in the processes and procedures. In order for the leader to center his attention to the tone of the system he needs to know the system, the leader has to be updated and knowing of all that goes in the workplace.Deming also made it clear that supervisors should not act as managers sort of leaders, he felt that this was essential if they wanted to attain the quality standards. Leaders are coaches, it is their jobs to develop and enforce rules in the company. Deming felt that supervisors and managers should be deputized by leaders as these people are more proactive. One office think that the supervisors are likewise to leaders but this is a misconception. Supervision is to oversee people under you while they are performing whereas leaders is to inspire people under you to get the assigned work through with(p). Austenfeld, 2001) Demings was of the opinion that it is the duty of the manager to be a leader he has to motivate the employees and make them more focused on meeting the quality needs of the company. Many people are of the opinion that a leading skill in a quality that is in-built in a someone but this is not entirely true this fundament also be developed through continuous learning process. If a psyche is get work down via his power to dictate terms because that doesnt make that person a leader.A leader is a person who empowers the people under him to make the decisions regarding them . A good leader combines emotional intelligence with the courage to raise tough questions, challenge peoples assumptions about strategy and operations and risk losing their good lead, i. e. he does not care about pleasing individuals but rather believes in the greater good of the company. Great CEOs are in fact superb leaders and hence organization should focus on retaining their assets within the organization.As that forget be beneficial for the business and provide it with competitive advantage as considerably. Its very common that people who are actually working would gravel better knowledge about the task being performed and can throng better and more appropriate decisions when required compared to the higher authority consequently the aim of leadership is to empower employees so that they become motivated and work more effectively than before as they are being trust and encouraged by their bosses to make improvements in the system.Today management of people is not tire oute the way it was done before. Employees need motivation else it testament affect organizations performance. The only object which is constant is turn and organizations need to make changes in the system all the time and it is the job of the leaders to implement the change effectively that it wont be considered as a threat to the employees and that they would accept it rather than resisting it. By applying this point of Deming we allow for have those leaders in the organization that dont force people to conform to their opinions.A new system found on equity and justice would be established and the employees will not commit fraud. If the organizatio n has dynamic leaders because the employees wont have to use under the table approaches to meet targets as a leader doesnt focus on quantitative goals rather soft ones. The ethical dimension of leadership is based on establishing an example for the people under them by performing ethical behavior, by doing this they will help strengthen the clean-living behavior of the workers.If this isnt done then it will lead to the deterioration of the organization. An ethical leader should have pride, patience, persistence and spatial relation in order to be a role model. Leadership can be dangerous when the leader is so much involved in achieving the vision that he overlooks internal and external signals that highlight that the vision is not appropriate. Leadership is about inspiring people but if not done ethically then its not good as it will create negative perception and will in the end affect the organization (Hughes, 2006).By instituting the element of leadership effectively we see t he creative activity of sound ethical leaders, they have a lot of power with them but because of their high sense of distinction between right and wrong they dont misuse their authority. This point made by Deming expresses the need for a leader to apply the ethical behavior model to them that includes moral sensitivity, moral judgment and moral motivation. So when a leader examines the consequences of ones action and then performing the best possible course of action and together with this he also inspires employees to be ethical in their approach.By working in this manner the leader is being ethical. If leaders are ethical in their conduct then they could do wonders for the company. The customers of today competitive environment harmonise great worth to companies that are ethical and to institute this sort of environment in the company we need the presence of moral leaders. This point of Deming urges to replace supervisors with leaders as they are more proactive and charismatic. But this can also lead to some ethical dilemmas, the leader is now the person who has authority, he is the one who is making the system but what if he isnt being fair?What if the leader isnt living up to the mindset and is rather engaging in fraudulent activities? In this case the benefits of Demings theory cant be reaped. At times it is seen that the employees take advantage of the leader, they know that he will not severely visit them and keeping this in mind they start slacking and dont consider the consequences of their actions on the company. Unethical charismatic leaders produce reliant followers though its wrong as mentioned before that the goal of leadership is to empower workers in order to increase their effectiveness.Unethical leaders use their power for their personal benefit. They misuse the organizational resources for their own well being. Leader sometimes deviate from the strategic focus and start restful after getting success from past performance. Leader should be rewarded or punished based on the behavior, if they are being unethical then they should be punished as they have a great meet on the employees and if they are corrupt then there is no fish fillet the workers under them to be unethical.ReferencesAustenfeld, Robert B. (2001, May,10). W. Edwards Deming The Story of. W. Edwards Deming The Story of, Retrieved 2008, October, 21, from http//www.iqfnet.org/Ff4203.pdfCohen, Phil (2008). Demings 14 points. Retrieved October 21, 2008, from Demings 14 points weathervane site http//www.hci.com.au/hcisite2/articles/deming.htmHughes, M. (2006).Change Management,A Critical Perspective. C/PD House 151 The Broadway,Wimbledon London,SW1915Q The Chartered implant Of Personell And Development.

Bsa 375 Week 2 Individual Paper Essay

IT Solutions suggestion for unseasoned HR SystemByUniversity of Phoenix BSA/37509/02/2013Proposal for New gentlemans gentleman Resource SystemIn our quest to ever dampen ourselves the IT plane section, of Riordan Manufacturing, is submitting this Request for Proposal to integrate a more sophisticated, state-of-the art, development frames engine room in our Human Resources department. Riordan Manufacturing has always strived to better ourselves by keeping up with technology in every last(predicate) of our operating strategys and our manufacturing frames. Our goal is to remain at the forefront of the manufacturing community as we keep leading the way in all of our business organisations and, at the same judgment of conviction, keeping the olfactory modality of a customer friendly company. We wishing to make real that our customers sack up feel safe in the knowledge that we allow for do what is necessary to set up their business needs. As of now, our Human Resource, (HR), Operating System, (OS), has fallen short of this goal. occupy understand that the remains that is in place, plot it has the ability to complete the line at hand is not sufficient enough for our growing organization. even off now, we argon running many separate applications to c be for all of the HR system requirements. This process is not only time consuming, but is not a be competent solution that this company is looking for. If we regard to happen upon our goal we need to combine all the old HR systems into a single integrated application.The IT department is looking to complete this travail in approximately six (6) months, so the in the bufffound system can be utilized in the second quarter of next year. We want to check a prototype system available for testing in approximately two (2) months before final system deployment, for training and skilful support purposes. Our goal is to have all training and any problems strict one (1) month before start up. This way we get out have time to apply any necessary changes to the system.The rude(a) HR system pull up stakes have many applications that can be used across most of our other business systems from Marketing and Sales to Inventory andWarehousing. We are hoping for companywide training to be completed within four (4) months of startup, making the new system available for all departments before the end of the third (3rd) quarter. infra are some requirements that will need to be complaisant so that the process of integrating the new HR system will go smoothly. Access the Stakeholders Involved in System StartupThe first timbre in setting up the new Human Resource Application, (HRA), is to fulfil randomness about the system requirements and drug user needs from eitherone that will be knotted in the startup and rollout of the new system. The process of hookup education from involved stakeholders can be a tedious process if the legal injury techniques are used. So, to expedite th is in an orderly and timely manner we will be passing out questioners to all members of the Human Resource division and to all Department heads. Using Questioners will servicing the IT department deal an idea of what requirements are expected from the new system. It is not cost efficient to talk to individually employee so, it would be very beneficial for all that all(prenominal) questioner is filled out in a timely manner.We will be emailed to each employee on Monday September 9th, 2013 and would like a chemical reaction no later than Thursday September 12th, 2013, (for processing purposes). Questioners will in any case be available on the Employee Web Site under HR applications. Another technique of gathering the needed information will be to conduct group meetings with the HR department executives and managers. The IT department will be holding Joint Application Development, (JAD), sessions starting Monday September 16th, 2013. These sessions are managed processes that the IT department uses to gather information in an efficient, cohesive manner. We want to use police squad booking so that we can gain a firm taste of what you, the client, will want out of the new HR system. The JAD session will support all of us jointly develop the new system. Ensuring prospering Gathering of chuck InformationWe, in the IT department, want to make veritable that every system requirement that maybe be asked for will be deployed at the time of the system prototype introduction. To insure that this goal is accomplished we must gather correct, concise and relevant information from each of you, the stakeholdersinvolved in the system development. Gathering cracking information will help us develop the system molded to what you want. We understand that the information gathering process can be a daunting task, but with your help we can make this as painless as possible. Remember, without your input on this project the IT department cannot rollout a system that will b e an utile tool for Human Resources and the rest of Riordan Manufacturing. The ability to gather good information is the most important process in all parts of every System Development Life Cycle, (SDLC), and with everyones support in this process the system rollout will go smoothly. Developing the go steady Scope and be after FeasibilityRiordan Manufacturing wants all projects that go into development to be successful. If we want the new Human Resource system to be successful we will need to institute a project scope system. Even with the feedback and involvement of each stakeholder and the success of other projects slopeed from the IT department there is a chance that this new system can still fail. At any given time there will be necessary changes to the project. These changes can have a negative effect, but our goal is to remain focused on the system requirements. We want to delivers the new system on time and under reckon with the required functions that are expected. Our plan is to set up a system to manage key aspects of the new systems development * Project Size get word how large this project will be * Project Goals Make sure goals are set and achievable * Project Requirements All system requirements are carried outTo deliver a finished project that meets the goals above our Project Scope will need to follow a these five (5) locomote * Project Initiation evaluate the need of the new system and deliver appropriate solutions. * Scope Planning Create a feasible institute Breakdown Structure, (WBS) that charts all the work that will be done on this project. * Scope Definition Working with you, the end user, expand in contingent the work breakdown the will be needed. * Scope Verification seasonably scheduled work assessment and acceptability checks by the end user and the IT department during the SDLC of the new application. * Scope Change Control Put a formal system in place to control any system changes that will take place. This willli mit Scope Creep, (Unauthorized access to changes to the system). As you can see, applying proper scope management will be of import in the development of the new Human Resource system. ConclusionTo persist in as one of the leaders in manufacturing we must keep nerve-racking to evolve. While we at Riordan Manufacturing have strived to be the best in the fabrication there are occasions when we must look into ourselves and see what changes are needed so that we can remain an innovator in manufacturing techniques while still being a customer friendly organization. The current Human Resource system has fallen behind and is keeping us from maintaining all that we have set out to accomplish. Integrating a more sophisticated, state-of-the art, information system in our Human Resource department will accomplish more than just the above goal. It will streamline our business applications into an well-situated to use easily accessible system that will be cost efficient with little maintenan ce. This is what we have always strived to accomplish and this new system will keep us on track. With proper planning, creating a good project scope, gathering good, reliable and relevant information and with your constant involvement throughout the SDLC of the new HR system we will be guaranteed of a successful project completion and rollout. Thank You.IT System Manager09/01/2013ReferencesWich, Darren. 2009. Project Scope Management IS 6840. Online http//www.umsl.edu/sauterv/analysis/6840_f09_papers/Wich/scopemanagement.htmlHeldman, Kim. PMP, April 14th, 2009. The Importance of the Project Scope argumentation. Lakewood, Colorado. Online. http//pm.97things.oreilly.com/wiki/index.php/The_Importance_of_the_Project_Scope_StatementBlankenburg, Joanne. September 9th, 2012 Use Joint Application Design (JAD)

Importance of National Income Statistics Essay

there ar several grand uses of interior(a) income statistics and, therefore, there is great need for their regular preparation. depicted object income estimates provide not only a single figure take the standing the subject field income, solely in like manner supply the detailed figures in regard to the mixed comp integritynts of the field of study income. It is both the figure of national income and the details regarding its various constituents that throw perch on the functioning and performance of the scrimping. The following be some of the important uses of national income estimates (i) National income estimate reveals the overall production performance of the deliverance, as it enterks to measure the aim of production in a year. Per capita income, which is found out(p) by dividing the total national income by the population, gives us an idea around the average standard of lifetime of the people. Economic welfare depends to a right smart degree on the level of national income and the average standard of breathing of the people. Thus, the figures of national income and per capita income indicate the level of economic welfare of the people of a country.(ii) By comparing national income estimates over a period of time, we dissolve know whether the economy is growing, stagnant or declining. If the national income increases over years, it promoter that the economy is growing. And if the national income remains more or less unchanged, it indicates that economy is stagnant. But if the national income is falling over a period of time, it indicates that the economy is deteriorating. In case the economy is growing, we butt also judge the appreciate of economic growth or evolution by measuring the straddle of increase in national income. Further, by comparing the per capita income over years, we can know the changes in the standards of living and economic welfare of the people. (iii) The national income estimates show the contribution made by the various sectors of the economy, such(prenominal) as culture manufacturing industry, trade, etc., to the national income. Thus, the national income estimates of India reveal that about 50 per cent of the national income originates in agriculture. That shows the overwhelming importance of agriculture in the Indian economy.(iv) National income estimates throw light on the distribution of national income among different categories of income, such as wages, profits, rents, and interest. The distribution of national income between wages on the one hand and profits, interest, rent on the new(prenominal), is of special significance, since inequality in person-to-person incomes depends to a large extent on the division of working classes (i.e., wages) and the share of property owners (i.e., rents, profits and interest). (v) The national income estimates also contain the figures of consumption save and investment in the economy. Information regarding consumption livery and investme nt is critical for any economic study concerning economic growth and planning. It is the rate of saving and investment in the economy that determines the rate of economic grow nonnegative investment constitute the level of aggregate demand on which the level of income or employment in a country.(vi) With the help of national income estimates of various countries of the world, we can compare the standards of living and the levels of the people living in those countries. For this pop the question we have to adjust national income figures for differences in production and price levels. In other words, by the figures of the real national income per capita, we can compare the standards of living or levels of welfare in different countries. Moreover, developed and under-developed countries ire normally classified o the basis of per capita income. (vii) National income estimates are a blue-chip guide to economic policy especially in these days of development planning and active governm ent intervention in the economy. By flavor at the national income statistics, the government can decide if the economy or its various actors need any stimuli or regulation. From the national income estimates we can see the part played b the government in the national economy. There are 3 main chores involves in measuring National IncomeThese areErrors and Omissions this is a problem in collecting and calculating statistics. This is a problem as people hide what they earn and firms hide their output, to avoid paying(a) tax, this is the black economy also known as the ray weaponOver recording of figures (Double Counting) This is losing all perks as you are not reanimated and incomes are being counted multiple times. This also affects firms as their output/ contract is taken account for more than once, as it is used by other Juggernoob production firms.Over Recording of incomes (Double Counting) As people pay taxes their incomes are taking into account, and used to pay such thing s as benefits and pensions, if these are also counted sleight of hand is in progress. This is when quick revivals are not seize and electrics must be turned on to ensure the survival of the round.

Cost-Salvage Value/Total units of production Essay

Salta go with inst eithers a manufacturing gondola in its milling machinery at the beginning of the social class at a follow of $87,000. The machines useful life is estimated to be 5 years, or 400,000 units of harvest-feast, with a $7,000 salvage valuate. During its randomness year, the machine produces 84,500 units of product. Determine the machines second year disparagement under the units of return method serve up $16,900 salute-Salvage Value/Total units of production(87,000 7,000)/400,000 = .2.2 * 84,500 = 16,900Amortization process Is the systematic allocation of the damage of an intangible summation to depreciate over its estimated useful life. Big River Rafting pays $310,000 plus $15,000 in occlusion greets to buy out a competitor. The real estate consists of cut down appraised at $105,000, a expression appraised at $210,000 and equipment appraised at $35,000. reason the cost that should be allocated to the land. dish $97,500105,000 + 210,000 + 35,000 = 350 ,000105,000/350,000 = .3.3 * 325,000 = 97,500Leasehold act be the rights given to the lessee by the lessor of a lease. Copyright practice Gives its owner the exclusive right to publish and distribute a musical or literary work during the life of the fountain plus 70 years. A patent get along Gives its owner exclusive right to manufacture and sell a patented item or to use a process for 20 years. Carmel Company acquires a mineral deposit at a cost of $5,900,000. It incurs additional costs of $600,000 to regain the deposit, which is estimated to contain 2,000,000 tons and is expected to take 5 years to extract. Compute the depletion expense for the first year assuming 418,000 tons were mined. come $1,358,5005,900,000 + 600,000 = 6, 500,000Cost Salvage Value/ Total Units of Capacity6,500,000-0/2000000 = 3.253.25 * 418,000 = 1,358,500Cambria Company reports net gross revenue of $4,315 million cost of goods sold of $2,808 million net income of 283 million and average out ingrai ned summations of $2,136. Compute its total asset turnover. Answer 2.02Net sales/Average Total Asset4,315/2,136 = 2.02Salta Company installs a manufacturing machine in its factory at the beginning of the year at a cost of $87,000. The machines useful life is estimated to be 5 years, or 400,000 units of product, with $7,000 salvage value. During its second year, the machine produces 84,500 units of product. Determine the machines second year depreciation under the straight-line method. Answer $16,000Cost salvage value/useful life in periods87,000 7,000/5 =16,000A depreciation asset costing $75,000 is purchased on September 1, year 1. The asset is estimated to have a salvage value of $10,000 and an estimated useful life of 4 years. Double-declining- equilibrize depreciation is used. If the asset is sold on December 31, Year 3 for $13,000, the journal admittance to go in the sale depart include Answer A cast to loss on sale for $2,625.Chapter 11 QuizzesThe stream FUTA tax co me in is 0.8% and SUTA tax rate is 5.4%. Both taxes atomic number 18 applied to the first $7,000 of an employees pay. Assume that an employee realize $8,900. What is the f ar of total unemployment taxes the employer must pay on the employees wages? Answer 434.007,000*5.4% = 3787000*0.8% = 56378 + 56 = 434FICA taxes includeAnswer Social Security taxesLiabilityAnswer Must sometimes be estimatedIf the times absorb proportionAnswer Increase then the in guarantor decreases.Gross pay is?Answer Total compensation acquire by an employee before any deductions. A come withs income before concern expense and taxes is $250,000 and its beguile expense is $100,000. Its times interest earned ratio is Answer 2.50Income before hobby expense and income taxes/Interest expenditure 250,000/100,000 = 2.50Employee pass benefitsAnswer are estimated liabilitiesThe amount of national income taxes withheld from an employees payroll check is determined by Answer the amount of the employees recei ved clams for the pay period and number of withholding allowances the employee claims. Amount received in advanced from customers for future products or services Answer are liabilitiesA follow estimates that a guaranty expense testament be 4% of sales. The companys sales for the current period are $185,000. The current periods entry to record warranty expense is Answer Debit warranty expense $7,400 accredit estimated warranty indebtedness $7,400 185,000*4% = 7,400An employee earned 62,500 during the year working for an employer. The FICA tax rate for social security is 6.2% and FICA tax rate for Medicare is 1.45%. The current FUTA tax rate is 0.8% and SUTA is 5.4%. Both unemployment taxes are applied to the first $7,000 of an employees pay. What is the total unemployment taxes does the employee have to pay? Answer $0.00 Employees do not pay unemployment taxes.FUTA taxes areAnswer unemployment taxes firmament Companys salaried employees earned two weeks spend per year. It pays $858,000 in total employee salaries for 52 weeks but its employees work only 50. Record Arena Companys weekly journal entry to record the vacation expense Answer Debit vacation benefits expense $17,160 realization vacation benefits payable $17,160 858,000/50 = 17,160A company sells computers at a interchange price of $1,800 individually. Each computer has a 2 year warranty that covers replacement of defective parts. It is estimated that 2% of all computers sold will be under the warranty at an average cost of $150 each. During November the company sold 30,000 computers and 400 computers were serviced under the warranty at total cost of 55,000. The brace is the estimated warranty liability account at November 1 was $29,000. What is the companys warranty expense for the month of November? Answer 90,000(30,000*2%*150) = 90,000A company had fixed interest expense of $6,000, its income before interest expense and any income taxes is $18,000, and its net income is $8,400. The companys measure interest earned ratio equals Answer 3.0Advanced ticket sales totaling $6,000,000 cash in would be recognized as follows Answer Debit Cash Credit honorary Revenue During August, Arena Company sells $356,000 in product that has a iodin year warranty. Experience shows that warranty expenses average about 5% of the change price. The warranty liability account has a eternal sleep of $12,800 before adjustment. Customers returned product for warranty repairs during the month that used $9,400 in parts and repairs. The entry to record customer warranty repairs is Answer Debit Estimated Warranty Liability $9,400 credit Parts Inventory $9,400 Obligations not expected to be paid within the longer of one year or the companys in operation(p) cycle is reported as Answer Long-term liabilityTimes Interest earned computation isAnswer (Net Income + Interest expense + Income taxes)/Interest expense The difference between the amount received from issuing a note payable and the amount re paid is referred to as Answer InterestA contingent LiabilityAnswer is a potential obligation that depends on a future event arising from a past transaction or event. In the accounting records of a defendant, lawsuitsAnswer should be recorded if fee for damages is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. A companys fixed interest expense is $8,000 its income before interest expense and income taxes is $32,000. Its net income is $9,600. The companys times interest earned ratio equals Answer 4.0An Estimated LiabilityAnswer Is a know obligation of an uncertain amount that can be reasonably estimated. written text employee payroll deduction may involveAnswer Liabilities to individual employees, Liabilities to federal and state governments, Liabilities to insurance companies, and Liabilities to labor unions. Chapter 12 QuizzesKevin and Jeannie formed This & That as a limited liability company. Unless the member owners elect to be treated otherwise, the IRS will tax the LLC a s Answer a leagueA federation that has two classes of allys, general and limited, where the limited partners have no personal liability beyond the amounts they expend in that confederation, and no active role in the partnership, except as specified in the partnership musical arrangement is a Answer Limited confederacyGroh and capital of Mississippi are partners. Grohs bang-up balance in the partnership is $64,000, and capital of Mississippis capital balance is $61,000. Groh and knaveson have acceptd to share evenly in income and loss. Groh and Jackson agree to accept Block with a 20%interest. Block will invest $35,000 in the partnership. The bonus that is granted to Groh and Jackson equals Answer $1,5001.64,000 + 61,000=125,0002. 125,000 + 35,000=160,0003. 160,000*20%= 32,0004.35,000 32,000 = 3,0005. 3,000*1/2= 1,500bait and play tricks are forming a partnership. Badger invests a building that has a market value of $350,000 the partnership assumes debt instrument for a $125,000 note secured by a mortgage on the property. Fox invest $100,000 in cash and equipment that has a market value of $75,000. For the partnership the amount recorded for Badgers capital and Foxs capital are Answer Badger $225,000 and Fox $175,000Badger 35,000-125,000 = 225,000 Fox 100,000 + 75,000 = 175,000Regina Harrison is a partner in Pressed for Time. An analysis of Reginas capital account indicates that during the intimately recent year, she withdrew $20,000 from the partnership. Her share of the partnerships net loss was $16,000 and she make an additional equity contribution for $10,000. Her capital account ended the year at $150,000, what was her capital balance at the beginning of the year? Answer $176,00010,000 16,000 20,000 = -26,000150,000 (-26,000) = 176,000Collins and Farina are forming a partnership Collins is drop in a building that as market value of $80,000. However the building carries a $56,000 mortgage that will be assumed by the partnership. Farina is investing $20,000 cash. The balance of Collins capital Account will be Answer $24,00080,000 56,000 = 24,000A partnership in which all partners have mutual path and unlimited liability is called Answer General Partnership In the absence of a partnership agreement, the law says that income (and loss) should be allocated based on Answer Equal shares Groh and Jackson are partners. Grohs capital balance is $64,000 and Jacksons capital balance is $61,000. They have agreed to share as in income or loss. Groh and Jackson agree to accept Block with a 25% interest. Block will invest $35,000 in the partnership. The bonus that is granted to Block equals Answer 5,00064,000 + 61,000 = 125,000 125,000 +35,000 = 160,000 160,000*25% = 40,000 40,000 35,000= 5,000 Nee high gear and Low Jack are partners. They share income and loss equally. Highs beginning partnership capital balance for the current year is $285,000 and Jacks is $370,000. The partnership had net income of $250,000 for the year. High withdrew $90,000 and Jack withdrew $100,000. What is Jacks return on equity? Answer 41.3%A partnership agreementAnswer is binding even if it is not in writing.A partnership designed to protect innocent partners from malpractice or negligence claims resulting from acts of another partner is Answer Limited Liability PartnershipPartners withdrawals of assets areAnswer Debited to their withdrawals account Sam, Bart, and Alex are fade out their partnership. Their partnership agreement allocates each partner 1/3 of all income and losses. The current periods capital account balances are Sam, $45,000 Bart, $37,000 and Alex, $(5,000). subsequently all assets are sold and liabilities are paid, there is $77,000 in cash to be distributed. Alex is unable to pay the deficiency.The journal entry to record the statistical distribution should be Answer Debit Sam, Capital $42,500 Debit Bart, Capital $37,000 Credit Cash $77,000 metalworker, westmost, and Krug form a partnership. Smith contrib utes $180,000, West contributes $150,000 and Krug contributes $270,000. Their partnership agreement calls for the income or loss division to be based on the ratio of capital invested. If the partnership reports income of $175,000 for its first year, what amount of income is credited to Smiths capital account? Answer $52,500Smith 180,000/600,000 = .3.3 * 175,500 = 52,500Smith, West and Krug form a partnership. Smith contributes $180,000, West contributes $150,000, and Krug contributes $270,000. Their partnership agreement calls for the income and loss division to be based on the ratio of capital invested. If the partnership reports income of $175,000 for itsfirst year, what amount of income is credited to Krugs capital account? Answer $78,750Krug 270,000/600,000 = .45.45 * 175,000 = 78,750Smith, West, and Krug form a partnership. Smith contributes $180,000, West contributes $150,000, and Krug contributes $270,000. Their partnership agreement calls for a 5% invest allowance on the par tners capital balances with the be income or loss to be allocated equally. If the partnership reports income of $174,000 for its first year, what amount of income is credited to Wests capital account? Answer $55,500Smith, West, and Krug form a partnership. Smith contributes $180,000, West contributes $150,000and Krug contributes $270,000. Their partnership agreement calls for a 5% interest allowances on the partners capital balances with the remaining income or loss to be allocated equally. If the partnership reports income of $174,000 for its first year, what amount of income credited to Krugs capital account? AnswerBadger and Fox are forming a partnership. Badger invests a building that has a market value of $350,000 the partnership assumes responsibility for a $125,000 note secured by a mortgage on the property. Fox invests $100,000 in cash and equipment that has a market value of $75,000. For the partnership, the amounts recorded for total assets and for total capital account a re AnswerIn a partnership agreement, if partners agreed to an interest allowance of 10% annually on each partners investment, the interests allowance Answer Can make up for unequal capital contributionsWhen a partner is unable to pay a capital deficiency Answer The deficiency is absorbed by the remaining partners before distribution of cash. Chase and Hatch are partners and share equally in income or loss. Chases current capital balance is $135,000 and Hatchs is $120,000. Chase and Hatch agree to accept Flax with a 30% interest in the partnership. Flax invests $115,000 in the partnership. The amount credited to Flaxs capital account is Answer $111,000135,000 +120,000 = 255,000255,000 + 115,000 = 370,000370,000*30% = 111,000Chase and Hatch are partners and share equally in income or loss. Chases current capital balance is $135,000 and Hatchs is $120,000. Chase and Hatch agree to accept Fax with a 30% interest in the partnership. Flax invests $115,000 in the partnership. The balances in Chases and Hatchs capital accounts subsequently admission of the new partner equal AnswerThe following tuition is available regarding John Smiths capital account in Technology Consulting Group, a general partnership, for a recent year branch of the year balance $22,000His share of partnership income $8,500Withdrawals made during the year $6,000What is smiths partner return on equity during the year in question? Answer 36.6%22,000+8,500-6,000=24,5008,500/(22,000+24,500)/2=.3655=36.6%

Importance of Criminal Justice Administration

Class woeful Justice Administration visit 9/10/2012 Importance of Criminal Justice Administration The bureau of a Criminal Justice Administrator is to manage a culpable justice dodging. She/ He direct the administration of the day-to-day operations, participates in administrative decision making, enforce policies and procedures, and sets work flow priorities. Criminal justice administrators as well as oversee agencies budget, policies and program requirements. Each public agency, according to its primary contribution, has a support team.The felon justice administrator is in charge of inadvertence all agency staff which can intromit lawyers, judicial clerks, secretaries, investigators and tune officers. He/ She review and approve their reports, as it is his responsibility to make reliable all information is accurate and prep bed in accordance with launch policy and procedure. The United States criminal justice formation is a arrangement that acts to enforce the criminal laws of the country. In the United States, the criminal justice system is divided in three categories federal, state and military.In addition to these three categories, severally state has separate divisions that deal with adult and juvenile cases. Each of these systems is comprised of three major components. The first component of the criminal justice system and peradventure the most in-chief(postnominal) and dangerous is law enforcement. This includes the local police plane section with all of its police officers and detectives. These people head the criminal justice system because they argon the ones responsible for finding and capturing individuals who break the laws set forth by the state, federal government or the military.The second component is the motor lodge the court system includes prosecution and defense lawyers, judges and juries. These individuals make sure offenders atomic number 18 given fair trails. Judges, also known as finders of facts, hear the cases and preside over the participants to make sure that all laws are followed while the cases are being tried. Some cases are tried in front of a judge only, while others break a jury of 12 citizens who meet the guilt or innocence of a defendant based on facts brought forth during a trial.The last but not least is studys. The castigation system, which is tightly intertwined with the previous two components, is very important and quite large. The correction individuals ensure that a defendants punishment and all of its stipulations are carried out. Like any organization, state and local criminal justice agencies must deal with issues of organizational management and employ the management styles that best deliver them to achieve their objectives of crime prevention, adjudication of criminal offenses, and punishment of offenders.In todays humankind we view as developed different styles of management that could apply to law enforcement agencies, criminal courts, and correctional facil ities and departments. In my opinion managers are more important than supervisor because they have more responsibilities under their shoulders. carcasss management requires a complete burn up to organizational leadership, which involves not only management of personnel, but also of organizational knowledge. A systems approach to management recognizes the complexity of modern organizational processes.In this perspective, organizations function based on the information and data that employees can access. A roaring agency must properly manage all of these elements. Features of systems management include specialization within components of a large system and coordination among different components. System management could serve criminal justice agencies well, and some organizations exhibit elements of this approach. For example, more large law enforcement organizations have specialized divisions, such as homicide, battalion enforcement, vice, and others, but with cooperation among these different units.In general Criminal Justice Administration it is important because in order for law enforcement agencies to work properly a Criminal Justice Administrator needs to be in charge. Law enforcement agencies and organizations commit to investigate in the field of criminal justice administration sometimes need professional researchers to perform ongoing work. Examples might include research into the most effective ways to run criminal justice agencies and how budgets adjoin the administration of criminal justice.Administrators may have tasks that can include numeral models and other methods in order to assess policies so those in the administrative side can make informed decisions. I personally deal that Criminal Justice Administration is not failing it just have its ups and downs. We have to keep in mind that in order for a criminal justice administrator to be successful he/she has to have a good working idea of the legal system and the division they play in it.

Kochansak and Aksan

IntroductionCompliance is a word described as the get outingness of a person to follow an instruction from another person at a given time. It is a major concern of baby birdrens provokes and teachers because meekness will help a child follow simple orders at main office by his or her p argonnts and follow rules and regulations in the school.BodyThere be two kinds of accordance according to the book of Kochanska and Aksan, the sit arounduational obligingness and the committed or receptive compliance however these kinds of compliance have various distinctions. Situational compliance is ground on an expectation of reward and punishment that is why a child follows the parent even without the sincere commitment and obligation because the child is either afeard(predicate) of the punishment for not obeying or the child is eager of the reward for obeying. On the other hand committed or receptive compliance is based on the childs willingness to cooperate it is of his or her freewi ll to do what is asked for him or her to do. Further more than, the committed or receptive compliance is the more progress form of compliance and it is associated with the childs internalization.In the compliance study of Kochanska and Aksan they nominate out that children found it easier to abide by with dont touch operating instructions that clean up instructions. The development of compliance is of important value because of its character reference in the internalization of a childs moral value, self-control, self-sufficiency and socialization. The second and the third year of a persons life is important for ontogenesis these skills, the childs ability to develop self-regulation starts at this age.This skill of a child comes along with the cognitive capability to understand commands made by their parents and the ability to carry the commands. And there is such a time that when a child becomes more qualified to comply he or she would be less willing to comply, a function of the childs increase autonomy. As the child grows older, he or she becomes more cooperative notwithstanding with an increasing skill in the use of negotiation strategies, this is to get what he or she indirect requests (Kochanska 1995).In another study it shows that fathers are more direct in their request for compliance lets say for example a father will say pick up your toys directly to the child, in this way the children are likely to oblige because of the authority over them. On the other hand mothers are more indirect and more friendly with regards to their requests for compliance, and they make use of bargain system to make the child obey to what they are requesting for example mothers would say please go to bed at present, if you clean your room I will buy the toy that you involve, these are some of the requests mothers make. In this manner the children will likely to comply with their mothers request because of the reward waiting for them or the affection that they felt (1995).Proposed explanationThere are various thoughts that I want to propose in the recoverings of Kochanska and Aksan why the children find it easier to comply with the dont touch instructions than cleaning up instructions. The reasons I think are as follows.A. it is easier to command a child not to touch things earlier than cleaning things up because children do not want to be manipulated and given instructions as of to pot things or to clean things up.B. another aspect is because children thinks it is better not to touch things rather than to bother fixing them and putting them in place after because it is a lot of work to do. Children are of course some kind of work-shy and they think that these little tasks are big deal and that they cannot do it.C. ternion aspect of this is that children make use of the bargain system to get what they want for example they would only clean things up if they are given a reward for the task they did. This is situational compliance, in whic h the child is expecting for something in return for the harm of complying.Test DesignWith regards to the proposed explanations above, a scrutiny is to be designed to be able to test if the proposed explanations are true or not and if the explanations are accurate or not.In this test we are going to need 20 children of the same age, children who are in the pre-school because children of this stage are more able to comply however less willing to comply. The children would be asked to do 2 things besides, either to fix their toys and get a reward or just only if sit down and play. In this way we would be able to kip down if the children wanted to comply with things because they are going to get something out of it, more likely a situation compliance or if children just simply comply with things because it is what they wanted to do or what we call committed compliance. We ought to ask the 20 children individually which of the choices they want to oblige.This study aims to know if children of this stage are more of a situation compliance or committed compliance, and this also aims to measure the willingness of the children to comply with little tasks.In the end of the study we would be able to know if the proposed explanations are true if more children fixed their toys for the reward they are going to get.Reference1. Kochanska, G., Aksan, N., (1995). Motherchild mutually positiveaffect, the quality of child compliance to requests andprohibitions, and maternal control as correlates of early internalization.2. Kochanska, G., Aksan, N., & Koenig, A. L. ( 1995). A longitudinalstudy of the roots of preschoolers conscience Committed complianceand emerging internalization. Child Development, 66,17521769.

How the Human Brain Stores and Retrieves Memory Essay

retrospection board is the ability to encode, store and recall information. The three main treates involved in human memory are on that pointfore encoding, storage and recall (recovery). Additionally, the process of memory consolidation (which can be considered to be either situation of the encoding process or the storage process) is treated here as a separate process in its own right.Encoding is a biological event beginning with perception through the senses. The process of position down a memory begins with attention (regulated by the thalamus and the frontal lobe), in which a memorable event causes neurons to fire much frequently, making the sleep together to a greater extent than intense and increasing the likelihood that the event is encoded as a memory. Emotion tends to increase attention, and the emotional element of an event is processed on an unconscious pathway in the brain leading to the amygdala. Only and then are the actual sensations derived from an event proc essed.Consolidation is the processes of stabilizing a memory trace after the initial acquisition. It may perhaps be design of part of the process of encoding or of storage, or it may be considered as a memory process in its own right. It is usually considered to consist of two specific processes, synaptic consolidation (which occurs within the beginning(a) few hours after learning or encoding) and system consolidation (where hippocampus-dependent memories drive independent of the hippocampus over a period of weeks to years.Storage is the more or less passive process of retaining information in the brain, whether in the sensory memory, the short-term memory or the more permanent long memory. Each of these different stages of human memory function as a sort of filter that helps to protect us from the flood of information that anticipate us on a daily basis, avoiding an overload of information and back up to keep us sane. The more the information is repeated or used, the more li kely it is to be retained in long-term memory (which is why, for example, study helps people to perform better on tests). This process of consolidation, the stabilizing of a memory trace after its initial acquisition, is treated in more detail in a separate section.Recall or retrieval of memory refers to the subsequent re-accessing of events or information from the past, which have been previously encoded and stored in the brain. In common parlance, it is known as remembering. During recall, the brain replays a mannikin of neural activity that was originally generated in response to a position event, echoing the brains perception of the real event. In fact, there is no real solid distinction between the act of remembering and the act of thinking.

12 Angry Men by Reginald Rose

The movie Twelve Angry Men by Reginald pink wine is a drama that dis converges twelve jurors in-depth reasoning to decide a self-colored closing on the defendants sentence. There are troopsy assets and liabilities of the conference that play a role in their decision making. The jurors are all define in terms of their psychealities, backgrounds, prejudices and emotional tilts. This paper will argue that when pride, jealousy, foiling and prejudice all emerge we see irrational and rational decision making methods.The assets of radical is appearancen when juror8 starts a different improvement to evidence by showing the knife that was thought to be rare. It starts the abut of participation in problem solving by other gore members who may have made up their mind or were tho sense of smelling conformity pressure. Greater sum of individuals total information starts to helps panel brand name a better decision. Liabilities of a group are show when every one except juror 8 raise their top by feeling conformity pressure. There is desire of individual shown by juror 3 to dominate and win the argument rather than finding a better(p) solution.Lack of interest is shown by juror 7 to reason or spend time to solve problem. There are prejudice feelings shown by juror 10 and 7, they think juror 5 and 11 do non know much because of their backgrounds. Each group determines assets and liabilities of their groups problem solving. As long disagreement is not personal and is in interest of best solution its healthy. Time required to solve a problem is uncertain, members force get impatient and solve problem without reasoning. Risk taking is either good or bad depending on how a group uses it.Each group has a different problem to solve and different personalities to work with which is wherefore each group can use assets and liabilities positively and negatively. Throughout the film, juryman Ten is violently prejudiced against anyone who comes from a slum. You cant believe a watchword they word, he declares take note that Juror Ten does not say he, meaning the defendant, but they, the group of slums as a whole. This proves that he cannot make a fair judgment about individual guilt.Juror Nine, the senior man with accumulated life experience, notices this and rebukes immediately saying Since when is dishonesty a group characteristic? The intolerance of Juror Ten continues before finally erupting in a long speech that leads the other jurors to reject him. The message is expire that such irrational prejudice is incompatible with justice. Juror Four in addition shows signs of such prejudice, though he couches it in more acceptable language The children who come out of slum backgrounds are potential menaces to society. When a person hears the word prejudice, he or she might think it only refers to the racial prejudice often found between those with light skin and those with immorality skin. However, prejudice runs much deeper than a persons color. Prejudice is found between gender, religion, ethnical and geographical background, and race. People have discriminated against others petty(a)d upon these attributes from the beginning of time. Prejudice has go bad a complex problem in our society for example, if someone were to paseo in a secluded area at night and pass a group of senior citizens, he or she will, most likely, not feel threatened.However, if instead of senior citizens, three teenagers dressed in ripped jeans and t-shirts draining metal chains around their necks passed the person is more likely to feel threatened. Prejudice is the sad truth of todays society. Whether its from observance the local news or reading the newspaper, many people base stereotypes on the media or personal experiences. Although these are the most convenient shipway to judge someone, they are also the worst. Whenever dealing with the media, events are dramatized and slowly conformation into the subconscious. The affects of prejudi ce then influence our decisions without us even realizing it.

History 1920’s Essay

America went through many social changes with the American Revolution and industrial revolution. During the 1920s, the face of America began to change more into an urban society. Many differences between the hoidenish and urban sides of America emerged. Historians consider the tensions of the twenties as a backlash against the rising urban America, which turns out true. country-bred race believed that the city lacked morals. The urban city dwellers lashed back saying that rural residents did not understand the technology of modern measures.In the 1920s, for the first time in American history, more people lived in cities rather than the countryside. hatful living in the more rural parts of America sawing machine the urban lifestyle as a threat to traditionally divided up value. The cities, a haven for political corruption and distraction, had much more alcoholic beverage and prostitution problems than their countryside counterparts did. With the emanation of Hollywood and fil ms, people found an escape from their numeral life and went to see movies that portrayed what it really meant to live the American dream. However, the rural side of the country stuck to the old ways of agriculture life as the struggle between old and new still went on.With the rise in media also came an increase of cultural battles. The media brought about a revolution of morals since many urban Americas saw the changes in media and lifestyle as firing off from the old countryside Victorian past. Granted, the rural Americans did not see it this way. They felt that American had begun to change in sinful ways and that the ethicality of America had begun to decay.Many people in the countryside also resented the amount of immigrants coming into America. As a result, the Klu Klux Klan bring round and revolted against the immigrants, Blacks, Catholics, Jews, and any modern or progressive movement. Located mostly in the rural parts of America, the Klu Klux Klan greatly showed their disc ontent with the modern American lifestyle. The southeasterly showed their animosity towards the foreigners and Blacks through discrimination and racism. However, none of this stopped the urban rise of America that the country would soon have to accept.

Elc1013 Unit 1

ELC1013 side for University Studies building block 1 Achieving an pedantic paternity fashion (IEEE / Vancouver) social unit 1 Achieving an schoolman composition drift attainment Outcomes By the end of this social unit, you should be fitting to drug abuse inhibit oral communication to demonstrate schoolmanian c exclusively in writing announce ideas and views in tentative rather than assertive speech where appropriate Introduction This unit is divided into trio sections providing reference and practice material on various(a) aspects of faculty member writing air. sectionalization 1 Features of donnish writing gist Section 2 Improving the elan of your writing Section 3 hedging in faculty member writingReferencing n whiz This unit uses IEEE referencing style for altogether in-text referencing. Pre-Unit 1 IndiWork Activities Go to eLearn (http//elearn. elc. polyu. edu. hk/) and complete the Pre-Unit 1 IndiWork Activities. IndiWork 1 donnishian name Go t o eLearn and complete the What is academician modal value? occupation. Section 1 The features of academic writing style What do you deal ar the differences between the essays that you wrote at secondary school and the essays that you bequeath request to write at university? elucidate sure you think ab forth style* when considering these differences. mood often refers to level of prescribedity. For subject when writing to a friend you would use an informal style. slope de stick upry Centre, The Hong Kong polytechnic institute University 1 ELC1013 side for University Studies Unit 1 Achieving an academician piece of writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) rehearse 1 Reading How do the speech choices in this stolon essay draft below create a non-academic / inappropriate style? Read the passage and identify (highlight / circle) the style problems. pull down down your ideas at the end of the passage. Be prep bed to sh atomic number 18 your observations with the slumber of the class.How often do PolyU students use side popside the classroom? Because much(prenominal) people think PolyU students dont use incline practically outside of class, I wanted to find out the answer to this interview so I decided to do a written report. I worked out a questionnaire and then handed it out to conducts of students from eight 5 de partitioningments. The students filled in the questionnaire and then gave it back to me. I did the appraise in April 2011. A total of 707 students took part in the survey, which is a really broad sample. In fact, this is the riskygest survey of its kind ever done in Hong Kong which is marvelousAnd when I got the questionnaires back, I looked closely at the information and put it into a number of figures. Grandparents Parents Domestic helper Social functions Brothers / sisters Situations Private tutors Restaurants / bars PolyU friends irregular jobs Relatives Non- PolyU friends Overseas holidays 0 0. 5 1 1. 05 1. 32 1. 69 1. 95 1. 95 1. 99 2. 11 2. 12 2. 4 2. 45 2. 55 2. 72 1. 5 Mean 2 2. 5 3 epitome 1 Speaking in side outside university 10 The counterbalance area Id like to look at is disquisition in slope. Basically, what I wanted to k this instant was how often students say side outside the classroom.The questionnaire asked the students to say how often they use incline when they talk to friends, parents and so forth When they filled in the questionnaire, the students had to circle a number from 1 (never) to 6 ( genuinely often). If they circled 15 the numbers 1-3, it room that they dont use reflexion very(prenominal) much. If they circled the numbers 4-6, it fashion that they use face more than or less often. As you arse see, Ive put all the information about address in side of meat in foretell 1. Lets now talk about the info in Figure 1. first-class honours degree and foremost, its crystal clear that students dont check more opportunities to run slope outside the 20 class room.You place tell this because all the means are under 3. 00. Clearly, PolyU students dont lay down any want to plow to parents etcetera in English. This is un dubiousnessedly because their family members are Cantonese enunciateers. English quarrel Centre, The Hong Kong polytechnic institute University 2 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 Achieving an academician pen Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Obviously, theres no point in disquisition English when everyone can speak C a n t o n e s e . A s yo u c a n s e e , Po l y U s t u d e n t s n e v e r s p e a k t o t h e i r 25 grandparents in English.This is non strike because, as we all receive, old people in Hong Kong cant speak English. Thats because the education system wasnt very darling in the past. But, you can see that there are a few situations (overseas holidays and so on) where students do get a golden opportunity to use their English, purge though this is not really very often. In a 30 bollockshel l, then, the data in Figure 1 prove that PolyU students dont speak English much outside the classroom. none down the style problems you show in the box below. For each problem you identify, write an appropriate solution.Problem (inappropriate wording) stem (appropriate dustup) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. English wording Centre, The Hong Kong polytechnic University 3 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Section 2 Improving the style of your writing In this section you bequeath learn how to mend the style of your academic writing. Read through the by-line twelve subheadings and complete Activities 2 to 7. 1. turn away informal verbs routine formal (i. e. ingle-word verbs) much(prenominal) as ensure rather than phrasal / multi-word verbs such(prenominal) as look at. This report looks at ? examines ? the problem of juvenile delinquency. Hong Kong has got over ? recove red from ? the latest recession. University-linked companies commence not interpreted off ? been successful? in new-fangled years. Activity 2a Formal verbs Fill in the blanks with quintuplet of the quest formal verbs. Make sure that you put the verbs into the cleanse form / tense. discover conduct fluctuate establish devise step-up investigate assist reduce discuss ) The team (came up with) _____________________ an fanciful solution to the problem. b) In this essay, I allow for (talk about) _____________________ the issue of genetic engineering. c) The use up was (carried out) _____________________ between May and July 2012. d) A research associate was appointed to (help out) __________________ with the psychoanalysis of the data. e) Researchers (tack together out) __________________that the chiller was the source of the problem. Activity 2b Formal verbs With a partner, write five decrys exploitation the un employ formal verbs from Activity 2a. ) b) c) d) e) English La nguage Centre, The Hong Kong polytechnic University 4 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) 2. Avoid Colloquial expressions Avoid informal or colloquial expressions such as a assign of in your written concessions. ? a lot of research ? a great deal of / a consider open quantity of lots of studies ? numerous / a openhanded number of / myriad / a plethora of a really interesting study ? very / extremely / particularly a bit disappointing ? close towhat / rather / fairly it is a must ? essential / necessary / crucial / vital 3. Avoid Cliches Cliches are expressions that mystify become overused. The expressions below are dull and unoriginal. In addition, the meaning of close to cliches, such as in a nut shell, may not be clear to a global audience as the address and meaning may not be closely related.Avoid use them in your written work. ? ? ? hot topic het up(p) debate last but not to the lowest degree every e xcise has two sides all in all as we all know first and foremost crystal clear golden opportunity In a nutshell financial tsunami a double-edged sword 4. Avoid light-headed, habitual language Avoid common, informal everyday words. go for more hairsplitting words instead. Adjectives Pollution has been a big ? major ? problem in Hong Kong in the past thirty years. The facilities in the lecture theatre are expectant ? inadequate?. The students felt she was a good ? organised / enthusiastic ? instructor. Verbs Bonny got ? obtained ? er degree from the Hong Kong polytechnic University. Chan 1 says ? comments ? that the English standard of students is improving. Others This issue has raised the attention of everyone ? the public. ? There are umteen things ? elements ? to a successful show. 5. Be prey As vigorous as being impersonal, academic writing should be as objective as accomplishable. Subjective and potently emotional language should be vacateed. Do not use words such a s fantastic, wonderful, lovely, absolutely, totally, terrific, excellent objectiveness can also be boosted through hedging techniques (see section 3). English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 5 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Activity 3 Academic style swop the underlined words in the following article of faiths to improve the style. a) The student did a presentation last week. c) The results of the survey were shockingly bad e) Freedom of the Internet is a double edged sword. 6. Avoid Repetition Repeating the same words and phrases in your written assessments may make your work expect drilling and unsophisticated to the analyzeer.To make your writing more interesting, use appropriate synonyms. For example findings inquiry ? ? results investigation appear argue ? ? appear con persist b) It is a good essay. d) It was a poor presentation. f) The analysts obtained a lot of data. Tip When us ing Microsoft Word, if you right click on a word it will stimulate you a list of synonyms that you could use. mark that not all the words will be suitable to use in a particular sentence, so you should ensure that the alternative language choices convey the meaning you intend to express. Academic writing should be easy to follow. 7.Avoid contractions Avoid using contractions such as its and theyre in academic writing. wont ? will not dont ? do not Ive ? I have Its ? It is ? widely acknowledged that English plays an important office staff in Hong Kongs business sector. 8. Avoid personal references Avoid in a flash referring to yourself as I or we, or to the reader as you. Academic authors generally avoid using the personal pronoun I because it makes their work seem too subjective. You can see the findings in circuit card 1. ? I have presented the findings in hedge 1. ? As you can see, the findings are in prorogue 1. We can see the findings in Table 1. ? The findings are pres ented in Table 1. ? The passive voice is useful for this and achieves a more impersonal, action-focused style appropriate for academic writing. English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 6 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) 9. Avoid informal sentence starters Starting sentences with And, Because, or But is considered poor style in academic writing. function a more formal alternative instead. For example And ? In addition, Apart from But ?However, Because ? Due to, This is because 10. Avoid rhetorical questions Avoid using rhetorical questions as they can make your writing appear unsophisticated. In my report, I will answer the following question What are the causes of filter out? ? This report examines the causes of stress. ? Whether exams cause stress is examined in this report. ? The above analysis concludes the first part of my essay regarding the problems of teenage drug abuse. Now, how abou t the solutions? ? The future(a) part of my essay examines some solutions to teenage drug abuse. ? Activity 4 Academic styleImprove the style of the following sentences. a) Has China been imprinted by the financial tsunami? Shed appear to be managing quite nicely. b) And its high time we started to think about the wealth gap. c) Some business leaders make some bad business decisions. 11. Avoid Run-on expressions Limit the use of patronise expressions such as etc. and and so on in academic writing. Use the term such as to inform the reader that not all possible examples are given. Professionals often take to write reports, memos etc. at work. ? Professionals often need to write documents such as reports and memos at work. ? 12.Use positive forms Avoid informal proscribe forms such as not much and not umteen. Use the positive (without not) forms little and few. Not much ? Little ? research has been conducted into job stress in universities. Not many ? Few ? studies have investig ated Hong Kong society in the 19th century. English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 7 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Activity 5 Academic style There are style errors in the sentence below. Identify the error and change the language to improve the style of the sentences.Then match the error to the style issues in the box below. around sentences have more than one problem. emotional / subjective colloquial expressions vague/everyday cliche contraction / negativity personal reference sentence starter a) The problem of air pollution has become more and more serious in recent years. b) In the past decade, a lot of research has been done into indoor air smell. c) The results let everyone see that the quality of service in Hong Kong restaurants is bad. d) Hong Kong companies value employees who have good communication skills. ) And language policy in secondary schools has been a hot topic for ma ny years. f) We all know that students learn better when they are taught in their mother tongue. g) The students didnt encounter many problems finding good data for their project. h) Ensuring a big sample of subjects for a questionnaire survey is a must. i) j) Researchers got their data by doing telephone interviews. Tongs 2 interpretation of the data is totally wrong. English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 8 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Activity 6 ReadingThe following essay is a more appropriately written academic essay than the draft analysed in Activity 1. Discuss with a partner the ways in which this passage is more academically appropriate than the earlier Activity 1 version. Students use of English outside university (A) This essay investigates the perceived problem of Hong Kong students lack of English use outside university. The data reported below were derived from a questionna ire survey of a substantial sample of first-year undergraduates from eight departments at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. (B) The survey was conducted between 12 and 23 April 2011.The subjects completed the questionnaire during their English for University Studies classes under the supervision of a research assistant. A total of 1,283 questionnaires were distributed and 707 correctly completed copies were returned and later onward analysed. The questionnaire required the respondents to indicate the frequency with which they speak, listen, read and write in English outside the formal setting of the English-medium classroom. (C) The first section of the questionnaire asked the subjects to indicate on a six-point scale how often they speak in English in a range of nonacademic situations.On the evidence of the findings presented in Figure 1, it would appear that third students in Hong Kong generally have little need to speak in English outside the classroom. (D) The evidence sug gests that undergraduates rarely communicate with their parents or grandparents in English. This finding is peradventure not surprising as census data indicate that the overwhelming absolute majority of people in Hong Kong speak Cantonese 1. In the intimate family domain, young people understandably have little need or desire to speak English, apart from superfluous circumstances such as preparing for English language examinations. E) The results indicate that the situation in which ordinal students use English least is in interactions with their grandparents. When interpreting this finding, it is worth noting that recent surveys have revealed that English is less widely known among Hong Kong people in their sixties and seventies than among those in the 4060 and 20-40 age convocations 2. This for the most part stems from the fact that the prep of Englishmedium secondary education was limited in the forties and 1950s 3. The majority of citizens in the 60-70 age group are like ly to have authoritative only a Chinese-medium primary(a) education 4. F) While the data in Figure 1 suggest that tertiary students tend not to speak English very frequently outside class, there are obviously some(prenominal) situations where intercommunicate English has some degree of importance in the subjects lives. As might be expected, the situation where the subjects need to speak the language most is on overseas holidays. As Cantonese is not widely spoken outside China, it is perhaps understandable that students need to communicate in English on trips to Europe, North America and other parts of Asia. (G) As tell above, students rarely talk to their immediate family members in English.However, it is interesting that some of the subjects patently have some need to communicate with their relatives in English. One possible factor behind the use of English in this situation is that their relatives live in an Englishspeaking country. In the cuticle of younger relatives (e. g. cousins), it is possible that they have no knowledge of Cantonese, while honest-to-god relatives (e. g. uncles, aunts) may feel more at rest using their adopted language. English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 9 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Activity 7Improving academic style Use the academic writing advice above to complete the following exercises. 1. Skim through the Activity 6 essay and find formal verbs with similar meanings to the following informal phrasal verbs. The paragraph is given in brackets to help you. filled in (B) handed out (B) ____________________ ____________________ looks into (A) ____________________ found out (E) ____________________ 2. Find words in the Activity 6 passage which have similar meanings to the following vague, everyday words done (B) ____________________ later (B) ____________________ big (A) ____________________ got (A) ____________________ . To a void repeating the words students and findings, the author uses a number of synonyms. amount the synonyms used. students findings ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. How does the writer avoid using informal negative forms? Underline one example in the passage in Paragraph D. 5. The draft that you read in Activity 1 included the following inappropriate sentences This is not surprising because, as we all know, old people in Hong Kong cant speak English.Thats because the education system wasnt very good in the past. How does the writer revise this part of the report? Li Wei falls to Hong Kong reproduced with kind permission of Li Wei English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 10 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Activity 8 Writing This activity gives you the chance to apply the features of academ ic writing style covered so far. By being able to write in an appropriate academic style, you will be more able to successfully complete assignments at university.Situation For a course that you have been doing at university, you have been researching whether the white plague of innate produce can affect the health of a population. You are also interested in whether a subjects positive opinion of their well being* has an belief on their general level of health. The area that you are investigating for an assignment is whether Hong Kong subjects also feel better about themselves after consuming organic produce. In Table 1 below, the results of two surveys are presented.First, a large scale survey was conducted by Wallace and Welbeck 1 among 4619 students in the UK about consumption of organic produce and self health ratings. The questions were adapted by your group to survey 89 students in the Polytechnic University. In the survey, subjects were asked to say whether they felt the f ollowing illnesses would increase or decrease on a scale from 0 (increase a great deal) to 3 (no effect) to 6 (decrease a great deal) after the consumption of organic produce. XuanXuan 13 reproduced with kind permission of Li Wei * peak well being nominates the state of feeling healthy and happyIn pairs, discuss the data in Table 1. How would you explain the findings? When you have completed your discussion, write a short text of 3 or 4 paragraphs in which you describe and discuss the data. Table 1 Reduction and increase of illnesses after consumption of organic produce Features Headaches Colds Coughs Aches and pains Skin complaints UK students 4. 9 3. 1 2. 2 4. 5 3. 4 Polytechnic University students 5. 5 4. 1 5. 4 3. 2 4. 5 Source Figures for UK students from Wallace and Welbeck 1 English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 11 ELC1013 English for University StudiesUnit 1 Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Section 3 Hedging in academic writin g One of the main problems in the Activity 1 text is the writers use of assertive (overly crocked or sure) language when discussing the data. Examples of assertive language are highlighted below. Lets now talk about the data in Figure 1. First and foremost, its crystal clear that students dont have many opportunities to speak English outside the classroom. You can tell this because all the means are under 3. 00. Clearly, PolyU students dont have any need to speak to parents, etc. n English. This is undoubtedly because their family members are Cantonese speakers. Obviously, theres no point in speaking English when everyone can speak Cantonese. As you can see, PolyU students never speak to their grandparents in English. This is not surprising because, as we all know, old people in Hong Kong cant speak English. Thats because the education system wasnt very good in the past. You can see, though, that there are a few situations (overseas holidays and so on) where students do get a golde n opportunity to use their English, even though this is not really very often.In a nutshell, then, the data in Figure 1 prove that PolyU students dont speak English much outside the classroom. Expressing opinions or making claims in overly strong language leaves you open to attack by critical readers. Such statements will often be doubted by readers thereby reducing your power and authorization as a writer. A reader who does not believe a writer will rarely read on. To avoid such a situation, when stating ideas or discussing data you should use tentative rather than assertive language. You should avoid expressions such as clearly ndoubtedly obviously definitely without a doubt there is no doubt that certainly absolutely Be very careful about using words like always (very common in Chinese), never, every and all because these suggest absolute certainty, which is inappropriate, and often incorrect, in many situations. Compare the following sentences 1. The Hong Kong economy will exp licate next year. (Too strong The writer is open to criticism if the Hong Kong economy does not grow next year) 2. The Hong Kong economy might grow next year. (Ok. The writer is hedging by using the modal verb might) 3.Some economists believe the Hong Kong economy will grow next year. (Ok. The doubt is transferred to a third party (economists). This means that the readers confidence in you is not reduced) Techniques used in the sentences two and triad above are known as hedging. English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 12 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Hedging Techniques Activity 6 illustrated a number of hedging techniques. These are summarised below 1.Use hedging verbs The following hedging verbs are often used in academic writing suggest indicate estimate call for The results indicate that the situation in which tertiary students use English least is in interactions with their grandpare nts. The verbs appear and seem are used to distance the writer from the findings (and therefore avoid making a strong claim and be subject to criticism from readers). On the evidence of the findings presented in Figure 1, it would appear that tertiary students in Hong Kong generally have little need to speak in English outside the classroom.Note that the writer also protects himself / herself by using the phrase on the evidence of. The following expressions are used in a similar way according to, on the basis of, establish on. 2. Use modal verbs Another way of appearing confidently questionable is to use modal verbs such as may, might and could. In the case of younger relatives, it is possible that they have no knowledge of Cantonese, while older relatives may feel more comfortable using their adopted language. 3. Use adverbs The following adverbs are often used when a writer wishes to express caution. robably apparently possibly seemingly perhaps presumably arguably conceivably Th is finding is perhaps not surprising as census data indicate that the overwhelming majority of people in Hong Kong speak Cantonese 1. 4. Use adjectives Another technique is to use an adjective. probable possible arguable flimsy likely One possible factor behind the use of English in this situation is that their relatives live in an English-speaking country. English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 13 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) 5.Use nouns The following nouns are often used to hedge probability possibility evidence likelihood indication The evidence suggests that undergraduates rarely communicate with their parents or grandparents in English. 6. Softening generalisations There are several ways in which you can soften and hedge a generalisation. (i) Use the verb tend or the noun (have / be a) tendency (to). While the data in Figure 1 suggest that tertiary students tend not to speak Engli sh very frequently outside class, there are apparently several situations where spoken English has some degree of importance in the subjects lives. ii) Use an adverb such as generally predominantly largely mainly generally usually for the most part to a great extent This largely stems from the fact that the provision of English-medium secondary education was limited in the 1940s and 1950s 3. (iii) Use a hedging expression such as most or the majority of. The majority of citizens in the 60-70 age group are likely to have received only a Chinesemedium primary education 4. (iv) Identify move outions by using expressions such as except for or with the exception of.In the intimate family domain, young people understandably have little need or desire to speak English, except for special circumstances such as preparing for English language examinations. 7. Avoid negative words You should also avoid direct, negative words such as lies, cheat, false, rubbish, cheap, useless and worst. Try to use cautious, indirect language when expressing negative ideas. Without a doubt, the worst aspect of Dr Wongs teaching is the lack of feedback. ? Giving feedback is perhaps the least successful aspect of Dr Wongs teaching.?The president told lies to the media during his rubbish treatment of the crisis. ? The president may have misled the media during the less than satisfactory handling of the crisis. ? English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 14 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Activity 9 Hedging Choose the most appropriate option below. a) Everybody knows / It is generally accepted that all / the majority of English people always / often fail to learn any language other than their own. ) Perhaps / clearly the world will / is likely to face major / total environmental destruction in the next fifty dollar bill years. c) Without a doubt / It is widely believed that assertive writing is never / marvellous to be positively regarded by most / all readers. Activities 10a and 10b gives you an opportunity to practise the hedging techniques outlined in Section 3. By being able to use hedging techniques while writing in an appropriate academic style, you will more be able to successfully complete assignments at university. Activity 10a WritingIn 2011, the English Language Centre of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University surveyed 978 Form 7 school leavers about their preferences when studying in higher education. A drumhead of the results is presented below. Table 1 First Choice of University Hong Kong University The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong University of Science and applied science The Hong Kong Polytechnic University City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Baptist University The Open University of Hong Kong Lingnan University Hong Kong Shue Yan University 21% 17% 15% 14% 11% 11% 8% 7% 4% A fall in for humanity 3 reproduced with kind permission of Li Wei Read what the writer said about the contend why Hong Kong University and Chinese University were the most favoured. Note the underlined language. The survey results indicate that the preferred universities were Hong Kong University and Chinese University. A probable reason for this is their long history, and the preference of employers for employees who graduate from these institutions. Write two or three paragraphs giving possible reasons for the ranking of the other universities. Use the hedging techniques from Section 3. English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 15 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Activity 10b Writing The school leavers were asked a similar question regarding their first choice of course when applying for University. Examine Table 2 below giving the results, and write two more paragraphs providing some possible explanations. Table 2 First choice of course when applying for Unive rsity applied science Law Nursing and Health Sciences Design Business Computing Textiles turn of events Logistics Others 15% 4% 8% 12% 20% 15% 4% 7% 16% 5%Further Learning Materials Besides IndiWork, you are also strongly encouraged to complete the Further Learning Materials found at the end of each unit. By doing so, so will be able to perform better in this subjects assessments. Go to eLearn (http//elearn. elc. polyu. edu. hk/) to complete the following activities. 1. Unit 1 Review of learning 2. Unit 1 Further Learning Materials English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 16