The Rise Of The Improvised Exposive Devise Essay Example for Free

The Rise Of The Improvised Exposive Devise Essay Improvised explosive devices, better known as IEDs, are makeshift bombs usually made of materials like nails and ball bearing first used in guerilla warfare during the World War II. (Crystal, 2007)   IEDs have long since evolved and now, IED builders can improvise on the materials used.   As a result, the devices have become more unique in nature, thus making it harder to track down. In addition, according to Army Gen. John Abizaid, commander of all US forces in the Middle East, â€Å"IEDs have become the enemy’s perfect weapon – they are cheap, effective, and anonymous. †Ã‚   (Knickerbocker, 2007, p.1)     As a result, incidents involving IEDs have surged dramatically and now pose a real threat to the community.   Despite government efforts to curtail IED activity, insurgents are still able to find ways to build and detonate their IED made bombs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IED bombings have been on the headlines in the past but currently, it can be seen almost constantly.   The number of IED incidents keeps on steadily escalating and therefore resulting to thousands and thousands of casualties.   This problem not only plagues war ravaged countries but also countries in peace who are caught in between.   First seen in the World Trade Center attack in 1993 and the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, IED use have increased as proven by the Madrid and London transit bombings in 2004 and 2005.   Another case was the war in Iraq.   According to Atkinson (2007): In Iraq, from the former number of 50 IED bombing incidents per day, the number of bombings has now reached an astonishing number of 100 per day.   Since that first fatal detonation of what is now known as an improvised explosive device, more than 81,000 IED attacks have occurred, according to U.S. military sources. (p. A1) A total of 3,837 US soldiers also have died and 27,753 were wounded from the Iraq bombings. (Casualty Counts, 2007)   Figures include every casualty who died ever since the war in Iraq started.   Majority were killed through IED bombings.   It should be noted however that the figures only consist of US soldiers and still not include non-military casualties and the members of non-coalition countries.   From these, it could be said that there is indeed a real threat in the form of IED bombings.   This definitely calls for action on the part of the US government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The government has been slow in its response to the IED bombing incidents – that’s what some lawmakers and journalists say.   Even Michael Chertoff, Homeland Security Secretary admits to this in his department’s statement â€Å"National efforts lack strategic guidance, are sometimes insufficiently coordinated, and lack essential resources.†(Hsu and Sheridan, 2007, p. A01) Nonetheless, years after being accused of its slow response, the US government has now allocated a $196.4 billion fund for the Global War on Terror. (2008 Funding Request, 2007)   The government’s approach has been a holistic one.   They appropriated designated amounts for armor, training, and weapons to counter IEDs. The Homeland Security also made its moves to help in the government’s mission to lessen IED incidents.  Ã‚   They set up an Office for Bombing prevention which was tasked to take charge of working with both internal and external agencies to tackle possible IED threats. A system named TRIPwire was also established to share information regarding IEDs such as latest tactics, techniques and procedures over a network by bomb squad technicians, intelligence analysts, and state and local law enforcement. (Chertoff, 2007)   In addition, continuous research is being done as well to develop tools to counter IED blasts.   The Homeland Security also has undertaken increased security measures in key areas like the airport and chemical sites and facilities.   All these are part of intensifying the department’s efforts to curtail the surge of bombing incidents. The US government has spent a considerable amount of money trying to counter IED insurgencies but despite this, the latter can still find ways to counter these efforts.   Several long term issues have been raised.   First, bombs become more complex in their make up as time goes by.   IED bombings started with a simple made bomb that eventually evolved.   Currently, the US military have discovered that a new type of bomb has already been in use starting the summer of 2006.   Infrared bombs are now at large and they are even harder to track since they run on different signals as those detecting tools the military has. (Magnuson, 2006). Hence, countering the former low-technology bombs requires continuous development of high-technology solutions.   This entails millions and millions of dollars to be spent on prevention as opposed to a few dollars an IED builder uses to make his weapon.  Ã‚   Second, as the US spends on developing long terms plans on combating insurgencies, the terrorists are also likewise building on their long term plans.   Extremist groups are now banking on education as a means of furthering their goals. They are using their $50 million funds to send their thousands of new recruits to get a university degree on radio engineering or information technology as opposed to using the funds to amass more weapons.   (Magnuson, 2006)   To date, the insurgent groups have already released a video mocking the attempts of the US government to stop them.   The video, released by a group who named themselves as â€Å"The Islamic State of Iraq† was entitled â€Å"The Fall and Decline of US Technology.† (Osman Martinez, 2007) The IED war indeed has turned into something ugly.   IED use surged during the year of 2004 to 2005 and even up to now, there are still ongoing cases regarding this problem.   The US government tries to counter this but still, insurgents are still able to survive.   Hence, the government should try to intensify its efforts and develop more plans to curb this rising problem.    Reference List 2008 funding request. (2007, October 22). Business Wire. Atkinson, R. (2007, September 30). The single most effective weapon against our deployed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   forces. Washington Post, pp. A1. Chertoff, M. (2007). Preventing IED attacks. Leadership Journal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved October 26, 2007, from http://www.dhs.gov/journal/leadership/labels/IED.html. Crystal, G. (2007).   What is an IED. Retrieved from October 26, 2007,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-ied.htm Hsu, S. Sheridan M. (2007, October 20). IEDs seen as rising threat in the US.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Washington Post, pp. A01. Iraq coalition casualty counts. (2007). Retrieved October 26, 2007,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from http://www.dhs.gov/journal/leadership/labels/IED.html. Knickerbocker, B. (2007, January 02). Relentless toll to US troops of roadside bombs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Christian Science Monitor, pp. 01. Magnuson, S. (2006, January). Adaptive foe thwarts counter-IED efforts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved October 26, 2007,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2006/jan/adaptive_foe.htm Osman H. Martinez, L. (2007, March 06). Insurgents in Iraq claim they can beat US   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   anti-IED technology.   Retrieved October 26, 2007,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2007/03/insurgents_in_i.html

MBA Admissions Essays - An Entrepreneurial Passion :: MBA College Admissions Essays

MBA Admissions Essays - An Entrepreneurial Passion    My love for business is not something I was born with. It took over a decade of experience and exploration to discover my passion. This discovery began ten years ago when I accepted a position at The Pitney Bowes Corporation. My job was to make unsolicited phone calls to prospective businesses in order to sell our base model postage meter. All that was required was reading a script, word for word, to potential buyers. Yet, after a week of working at Pitney Bowes, I still didn't know important details about the meter, like what it looked like, and how it actually operated. My manager acted a bit surprised when I asked to see the meter, but she agreed, and I took a walk to an adjacent building where I saw first hand what I was selling. It looked completely different from what I had expected, but by viewing and touching it first hand, my ability to convey to people what I was offering improved dramatically. Once I viewed the device, I felt more confident to adlib on the sales pitch. In a couple of weeks reading my hybrid pitch led to a higher rate of sales. People were more apt to buy from someone who sounded like a person and less like a robot. My sales steadily improved and in my third month I was the number one sales person out of over 200 employees. Management implemented some of my changes in the selling process and as a result, overall sales of the entry model postage meter increased significantly.    After my days of selling postage meters were long over, and I was in my senior year of college, I decided to start my own company. I wrote two books on college admission and college life and marketed them through the internet. After three month of diligent work, I sold over 500 books and expanded the company to five employees. Since selling only two books was proving so successful, I decided to branch out and try my hands at an affiliate driven superstore. I partnered with web sites like Amazon.com and Reel.com and became officially licensed to sell their merchandise. My time and effort resulted in many visitors to my on-line superstore, but sales were few and far between. The business needed a change of direction.

Community Service Project

(a) What does community service/volunteerism mean to you? * I define volunteerism as a service performed for the benefit of others with little or no benefit to the person carrying out the service. One may volunteer for many reasons but these should not include expecting to receive an income or publicity for work being done. One benefit that a volunteer may have however is growing their knowledge base about the activity in which they are participating. One should think about the ways which they can make their community a better place to live for themselves and everyone else.It’s really not that hard, carrying out simple actions like helping an elderly person to cross the road or donating your unworn clothes to persons who have a greater need for it can be classified as volunteerism. (b) Which two of the four goals of Vision 2030 do you think is most closely linked to community service/volunteerism? Why? * Of the four goals of Vision 2030, I think that the first goal- â€Å"Jam aicans are empowered to achieve their fullest potential† and the fourth goal- â€Å"Jamaica has a natural healthy environment† would be the two most closely linked to volunteerism.Through personal empowerment, volunteers may seek to realize their full potential by conveying to themselves tasks which will benefit them as well as the society in which they live. Volunteers may seek to assist persons with additional training they may need as well as school projects. This is done in effort to bring forth well rounded individuals. The final goal of Vision 2030 states that Jamaica has a natural and healthy environment. Volunteers can help Jamaica to achieve this by cleaning up their environment and various communities. By doing so, they will have helped to create healthy and comfortable surroundings for all citizens. c) Select one of the two goals discussed in (b) and suggest ways you can contribute to achieving this goal through your community service. * I believe that I can help to carry out goal four of Vision 2030. The Bible (NIV) says in 1st Peter 4:10 â€Å"Each of you should use whatever gift you have received to serve others, as faithful stewards of God’s grace in its various forms† and so I believe that each and every one of us were made stewards of this Earth and that it is our responsibility to take care of the environment and all things in it.Stewardship aids in the development of society and so I will take it upon myself to volunteer at Hope Zoo Preservation so I can develop better work ethics, make good use of my free time as well as help the organization to return to its former glory. This includes participating in cleanup activities, carrying out administrative tasks and doing everything else in my power to facilitate smooth operation so that visitors will always remember Hope Zoo not just as a commodity but as an experience. Lecturer’s Signature________________________Submission Date___________________________ Reflec tion Piece #2 a. Identify your agency and briefly discuss the history, goals and objectives of the agency. * The organization that I have been contributing to for a greater cause is Hope Zoo which is located on Old Hope Road, Kgn 6 in St. Andrew, Jamaica. The institution, a section of the Hope Botanical Gardens and Zoo was originally a part of Hope Estate which was owned and operated by Richard Hope- a former commander in the British army- who had been gifted the estate in return for helping Britain take control of Jamaica.What we now know as Hope Botanical Gardens and Zoo is the largest in the Caribbean and is just 200 acres of the estate which was bought by the Government to establish an experimental garden for foreign species in the late nineteenth century. One very important moment in the history of Hope Gardens is Queen Elizabeth II’s visit in 1953. Hope Zoo has been undergoing some major restoration changes over the years and in 2005, the Nature Preservation Foundation (NPF) took charge.The NPF intends to â€Å"develop and manage Hope Zoo and the Royal Botanic Gardens as a sustainable facility for environmental education, applied research, recreation, wildlife and flora conservation for Jamaica and the region; and to position the facility as part of the Tourism Product. † b. Bearing the Vision 2030 goal you selected in reflection 1 in mind, identify a set of objectives you aim to fulfill in your assignment at the agency. * I chose the fourth goal of Vision 2030- â€Å"Jamaica has a natural healthy environment†.The objectives I aim to fulfill in my assignment at Hope Zoo include: participating in cleanup activities so that the staff, guests as well as animals can benefit from existing in a clean environment; carrying out administrative tasks in an attempt to lessen the work load of the administrative department as well as being readily available to any visitor who may have questions or need help with something in an attempt to facilit ate smooth operation. c. Discuss the specific steps you will take to accomplish these objectives. In order to accomplish these objectives, I will ensure my early arrival to the institution each time I am on duty and immediately report to my supervisor for a list of my duties for the day. I will then proceed to complete my tasks which will revolve around the objectives mentioned above as well as observing my surroundings to see what else needs to be done and how I can make a contribution. These steps will be completed in an effort to make Hope Zoo a better place and in agreement with Vision 2030: Jamaica.Lecturer’s Signature________________________ Submission Date___________________________ Reflection Piece #3 a. Identify some of the problems/issues you experienced during your placement. * This has been a very good experience, however I did not particularly appreciate being harassed by a particular zoo keeper on more than one occasions during my forty hours of service. b. To w hat extent did problems you encountered/witnessed in your placement reflect problems prevalent in the wider Jamaican society? Being troubled or provoked by persons in the workplace causes discomfort and disagreement. This is mostly done out of envy or jealousy. One worker may do it to get another worker angry enough to react violently, no doubt getting into problems with the manager and possibly losing his/her job. Either way, victims of this are often not very happy with their jobs and so productivity levels tend to decrease. There may also be a lack of interest in completing tasks efficiently as workers would have lost focus. c.What impact do you think these problems will have on our ability to achieve the goals laid out in Vision 2030? * I believe that provocation between workers will have an impact on the country’s ability to achieve goal one -â€Å"Jamaicans are empowered to reach their fullest potential† and goal 3 -â€Å"Jamaica’s economy is prosperousâ € . Jamaicans will not have reached their fullest potential by 2030 if there is constant workplace harassment or violence as this would have caused their interest and determination levels to decrease.If a worker’s determination and desire to carry out his/her duties effectively decreases, productivity levels will also decrease and so Jamaica’s economy will not be as prosperous we want it to be by 2030. d. What solution did you employ to address the problem? * I addressed the problem by having a private chat with the person about my issue as well as possible implications of workplace harassment on the business itself. I made sure he understood my position and we came to a truce. I can honestly say this worked wonders as up until this point we have not had another conflict. Lecturer’s Signature: Submission Date: ____________________

Particulate Matter Pollution - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2033 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Ecology Essay Level High school Tags: Pollution Essay Did you like this example? Particulate Matter (PM or Atmospheric Aerosol) Pollution What is Particulate Matter? Particulate matter (PM) or aerosols, most ranging from between 2.5 and 10 micrometers in diameter, have many sources and can be anthropogenic or naturally occurring. Some examples include marine aerosols like salt, mineral dust from agricultural practices, biological particles such as microorganisms and their spores and pollen, wood combustion for residential heating, and transport-related aerosols (Fuzzi et al., 2015). The latter will be the focus of this section. Composition and concentration of anthropogenic PM According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) website, www.airnow.gov, anthropogenic sources of PM2.5 (considered fine particles) are generally produced from all types of combustion including motor vehicles, power plants, and residential heating. Human-produced PM10 (considered coarse dust particles) are associated with airborne residue from rock and mineral processing operations like the mining and transport of coal. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Particulate Matter Pollution" essay for you Create order In the urban setting, concentrations of PM emissions tend to spike during the morning and evening rush hours when modes of transportation reach their zenith (Fuzzi et al., 2016). The combustion of diesel fuel and its byproducts mixing with exhaust gas is a major contributor of sulfur (SO2 SO3) emissions into the atmosphere (Merkisz et al., 2002). sulfuric oxides and heavy metals such as Pb, Ni, Zn, and Cu are known to be primary sources of PM2.5 in a region of Finland where copper, nickel, and industrial fertilizers are produced (Eeva et al., 1998). In their 2005 global update, the World Health Organization published a PM2.5 exposure guideline of 25 ?g/m3/d and a guideline of 50 ?g/m3/d of PM10. PM impacts on fauna Airborne heavy metal pollution from an industrial copper and nickel smelter affected populations of lichens, mosses, pine trees, and the bird species Parus major L. (P. major) in the coniferous forests of southwest Finland. The study found a significant reduction in the density of green caterpillars and sawfly larvae, the birds primary food source, nearest the smelter. This set off a chain reaction within the P. major population as their characteristic bright yellow plumage began to fade. Dulling of plumage led to increased competition for brightly colored mates and consequently produced faded coloring in the nestlings. In addition to disruptions to the mating/offspring cycles, male-male competition, battles for social dominance, and the decreased ability to use crypticism in avoiding predators may be attributed to PM pollution. Conditions slowly improved as radial distance from the smelter increased (Eeva et al., 1998). PM pollution studies carried out on mice and metropolitan transportation emissions have produced startling results in the area of reproductive cycles. As Carre et al. writes, Two studies were carried out on mice in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, which has a high level of air pollution. Mohallem et al. found a significant reduction in the number of newborns per mouse and a significant increase in the embryo implantation failure rate in female mice exposed as newborns for 3 months to the city polluted air and then mated with non-exposed males as adults (Carr? © et al., 2017, p.2). The other study in Sao Paulo was conducted by Veras et al. They found, in adult mice exposed to urban traffic pollution (PM2.5) compared to mice exposed to filtered air, significantly more time was needed to mate, decreased number of pregnant females as a percentage of total number of females, and an increased occurrence of spontaneous abortion (Carre et al., 2017). The pollution pathology is a bit unclear but the work of Maluf et al. may shed some light in this case. Carre writes of their work, they [Maluf et al.] did observe a significant effect of PM2.5 exposure on the cell lineage allocation at the blastocyst stage between inner cell mass (ICM i.e. cells participating in the ontogeny of the future fetus) and trophectoderm (TE i.e. cells participating in the ontogeny of the future placenta) (2017, p. 5). Cells in ICM were greatly decreased and cells in TE greatly increased in the mice exposed to urban automobile pollution. The opposite is expected for healthy pregnancy. Impacts on the climate system Light absorbing PM has been identified as a major climate warming agent, second only to carbon dioxide (Bond et al., 2013; IPCC, 2013). Carbon-rich soot particles from industrial and residential combustion have been shown to increase warm and mixed-phase cloud development (and therefore drizzle and rain development) and negatively modify the ability of clouds to reflect incoming solar radiation back into space. These dark colored aerosols transfer solar radiation into the atmosphere increasing its thermal energy and gather in concentrations dense enough to produce an apparent dimming effect of the suns visible light (Fuzzi et al., 2015). Tropospheric Ozone (O3) Pollution What is Tropospheric Ozone? While it is a naturally occurring greenhouse gas with dense concentrations located in the Earths Stratosphere, the focus of this section will be the ozone appearing in the lower Troposphere of our atmosphere. Ozone is most commonly emitted from automobile exhaust and is the main component of smog. Other sources of tropospheric ozone include biomass burning, chemical manufacturing, and fossil fuel combustion (Logan, 1983). Tropospheric ozone formation is the result of complex chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide and is driven by exposure to sunlight. It forms most frequently on the sunny, hot days of summer when the sinking air of high pressure prevents atmospheric mixing (Mauzerall and Wang, 2001). According to its website, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recently set new, strict standards for ozone exposure to not exceed 0.070 ppm average per 8-hour period. This is the second standards revision since 1997. On crop yields Most crops around the world are grown in the late-spring through summer months. As ozone concentration peaks during this time, it is more reason to consider crop damage by O3. Studies conducted in the United States and Europe are progressing our understanding of the physiological mechanisms and effects of ozone pollution on crops. In both studies, a variety of common crops including beans and wheat were grown in open-top chambers to allow for control and monitor of O3 levels. In the US, the results were varied based on the plant tested. According to Heck, soybean yields decreased by 40% when exposed to O3 concentrations of 70-90 ppb. However, broccoli yields appeared unaffected when exposed to 63 ppb of O3 (Heck, 1989). This seemed to indicate different crops have ranging levels of natural sensitivities to O3 exposure. The times of day when experiments were being conducted were of special note as 8:00am-8:00pm is when the leaf stomata remain open and gas exchange between the atmosphere and crops is maximized (Lee and Hogsett, 1999). In Europe, studies included crops such as barley, beans, wheat, and even grazing pasture and exposure methods were the same as previous studies. A cumulative reduction in crop yields was observed over the exposure threshold of 30-40 ppb per hour during daylight hours (Fuhrer, 1994). It was noted that environmental factors tend to play a role in O3 uptake in sensitive plants including soil moisture, temperature, and vapor pressure deficit (Grunhage et al., 2001). At the time of publication, Mauzerall and Wang report no Asian government had yet to undertake an organized effort to study the effects of O3 concentrations on crops (2001). On temperate forests Aerodynamically speaking, forests are rough terrestrial surfaces where large amounts of mass, heat, and atmospheric gases exchange by frictional drag (Fowler et al., 1999). These take place by an order of magnitude or more than over lands covered in grasses. With such concentrations of O3 potentially harming crops which tend to be short in stature, it is valid to wonder if the taller, more exposed trees of the worlds forests are also susceptible. According to Lapinski et al., in the mountains near Los Angeles, millions of ponderosa pines have been severely damaged by ozone pollution (361). Just as in the crops studies, it seems degree of O3 effects on trees depend on the sensitivity of each species. The free-air O3 exposure experiments conducted by Matyssek et al. showed a higher level of ozone sensitivity in pioneer trees than in climax species, although variations may exist within different genotypes of the same species (2010). In Open-top chambers where the concentrations of O3 are controlled and monitored, there is noticeable impact in the trees of the temperate forest (Skarby et al., 1998). In their study, Karenlampi and Skarby used an O3 concentration of 40 ppb because it has become a benchmark in developing a dose-effect relationship in biomass yield (1996). Elevated ozone levels reduce the supply of carbohydrates to roots reducing their biomass, (Bytnerowicz et al. 441). Grulke noted a similar danger to that of the crop studies in that toxic levels of O3 exposure directly impair stomatal function diminishing regulation of water loss in trees (2010). If current trends in ozone formation and concentration continue, Fowler et al. predict nearly half of the worlds forests will be exposed to phytotoxic levels of O3 by the year 2100 (1999). More study is needed to more fully establish the links between biotic infections and climatic factors and O3 uptake and defense in conifers. On boreal forests and possible mitigation A team of Finnish researchers tested two native European species of aspen trees and eight hybrid clones and their response to ozone exposure. These trees are typically found in the boreal and temperate seasonal forests or northern and central Europe and central Russia. Free-oxygen generated the ozone compound used in testing. Fumigation of trees in the field ran 24 hours a day except in very high or very low winds, in heavy rain, or if the ambient ozone concentration was greater than 10 ppb. Two hybrid aspen species experienced decreased leaf-level net photosynthesis by 40% early in the growing season as a result of elevated ozone exposure. The hybrid clones were the most ozone-tolerant. Researchers suggest cross-breeding ozone sensitive species with tolerant clones as a way to mitigate O3 damage in the boreal and temperate forest tree population. Researchers found no changes in total biomass as a result of ozone exposure in either native or hybrid aspens ( et al., 2007). On pollinators A team of researchers at the University of Virginia used the behaviors of bees combined with historical ozone data to model how air pollution could be impacting floral pollination. Computer simulations run with this data modeled a sharp decrease in the distance floral scents travel compared to the 1840s (Mitchell, 2008). Under historic conditions, researchers found only 20% of scents would have been altered by air pollution and could have been picked up by pollinators for kilometers around (Fuentes et al., 2008). Modeling the conditions of many of todays urban centers where air pollution consisting of hydroxyl radicals, nitrate radicals, and ozone can reach concentrations of 120 ppb by volume, Fuentes et al. report a meager 25% of floral scents would survive past 300 meters downwind. This is likely impacting bees ability to find and pollinate flowers as they use both sight and scent during daylight hours to pollinate. Moths, however, are expected to be most negatively affected as the y only use scent because they are nighttime pollinators (Fuentes et al., 2008). Carbon Monoxide (CO) Pollution Connection to climate change A survey of available literature indicates there is a connection between carbon monoxide and climate change (Ramanathan and Feng, 2009). While not a greenhouse gas, CO is considered a chemical precursor and a secondary climate forcing agent (AMS, 2016). In the late 70s, Weng et al. were the first to discover the roles methane and nitrous oxide played as greenhouse gases (1976). Carbon monoxide chemically reacts in the atmosphere with methane and other trace gases (AMS, 2016). This increases lower tropospheric ozone which is a primary warming agent of the lower atmosphere. Air pollution like CO and nitrous oxides are important contributors to global warming due to these atmospheric interactions (Fishman et al., 1980). Sources of carbon monoxide include biomass and fossil fuel combustion (AMS, 2016). On animals Carbon monoxide is known to bind to hemoglobin cells in blood. Hemoglobin is responsible for carrying oxygen in the body via red blood cells. If hemoglobin is carrying carbon monoxide, it cant carry oxygen through the the bloodstream which can stress the heart and cause headaches (Lapinski et al. 360). Animals can be affected by air pollution in the same way humans can. Animals can suffer from such symptoms as lung and eye irritation, cancer, bronchitis and , at high levels, even death (Lapinisk et al. 361).