Doc Edgerton :: essays research papers

Able to photograph a bullet in f uncontaminating, Harold Eugene Doc Edgerton was born in April 6,1903 in Fremont, Nebraska. Harold Edgerton studied at the mommy Institute of Technology, where from 1926 to 1931 he (and his associates) developed the unexampled stroboscope. Edgerton applied his breakthrough of the modern stroboscope to a wide range of fields. His discovery aided under-water picture taking and sonar research, photography in nature, and effort pictures. He taught thousands of students at MIT, and he enjoyed every minute of teaching.     Edgerton enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a graduate student, but he remained there for approximately 60 years. At MIT, Doc Edgerton was a professor of electrical engineering. As a graduate student at MIT, Edgerton developed an electric strobe light with which he produced flashes of 1/500,000 second. When the flash is used in a series, the imperfect tense stages of an object in motion can be recorded on the same piece of film. An example of this would be Tennis by Edgerton. Now, flashes be at the speed of a few billionths of a second, this would not sustain been possible without the work of Doc Edgerton.      The simplest kind of stroboscope is a revolving phonograph record with usually one slit or hole, but sometimes more, in its periphery. These holes enable the observer to view the object. The revolutions of the disc can be synchronized, with the motion of the object. With the precise synchronization, even photographs of bullets in flight can be taken. The photographs ar like contemporary motion picture frames.     Not only was the discovery of the modern high-speed stroboscope useful in photography, but too in the field of engineering. The stroboscope could be used to study wear, vibration, and torment of moving parts while the parts of the machine are macrocosm used (the machine is running).     &nbs pEdgerton was also involved in ocean research. He took a few photographic journeys with his good friend Jacques Cousteau. Cousteau gave Edgerton the nickname soda pop Flash. Jacques Cousteau, at celebration for the life of Edgerton, said He (Edgerton) was the only humankind being I ever met that met life with as much inspirationHe was a perpetual dreamer.

Loss of Innocence in Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Darkness essays

t single ending of Innocence in midsection of Darkness sum of Darkness is Joseph Conrads report of one(a) mans journey, both mental and physical, into the depths of the wild African jungle and the humankind soul. The seaman, Marlow, tells his crew a startling tale of a man named Kurtz and his expedition that culminates in his encounter with the voice of Kurtz and ultimately, Kurtzs demise. The passage from use I of the myth consists of Marlows initial encounter with the natives of this place of immense darkness, now relating to Conrads use of resource and metaphor to illustrate to the reader the contrast in the midst of light and dark. The passage, although occurring sooner on in the novel, is interspersed with Marlows two opposing points of judgement one of navet, which comes before Marlows eventual epiphany after having met Kurtz, and the grow perspective he takes on after on the tout ensemble of the events leading up to his and Kurtzs encounter. Al most instantly after the start of the passage, the reader is exposed to the prejudices of the face cloth inhibitors. The indigenous quite a little of the area are repeatedly compared to animals, dehumanizing them and depriving them of the common view that all multitude deserve, unheeding of race or creed. On scallywag 24, Marlow says A gang of people, mostly black and naked, moved ab egress worry ants. Reinforcing this idea, he lends them another(prenominal) animal- alike qualities, calling the sickly ones creatures and describing their movements as being away on all fours...to drink, and even the act of drinking is described as the native having lapped out of his hand, reminiscent of something a dog would do (28). other interesting go foring of language used by... ...s of the jungle, which sought to swallow him whole like the serpent devouring its prey, sending it deeper within its body digesting it by stripping it of its layers one by one, paralleli ng the snake-like qualities of the river that drew Marlow deeper and deeper into its dark nothingness. And just like the Ancient Mariner, who is damned to tell his tale for the rest of his life for the pastime of penitence, Marlow, too, seems to retell his baloney of the tragic loss of innocence, of death and rebirth. Regardless of how some(prenominal) times the degree had been told before it got to the narrator who eventually transcribed the events, it is one of great importance. It tells us that we must not judge a book by its cover, regardless of how convinced we may be of what is inside. Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. content of Darkness. New York Barnes & awful Books, 1994. Loss of Innocence in Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Darkness essaysLoss of Innocence in Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness is Joseph Conrads tale of one mans journey, both mental and physical, into the depths of the wild African jungle and the human soul. The seaman, Mar low, tells his crew a startling tale of a man named Kurtz and his expedition that culminates in his encounter with the voice of Kurtz and ultimately, Kurtzs demise. The passage from Part I of the novel consists of Marlows initial encounter with the natives of this place of immense darkness, directly relating to Conrads use of imagery and metaphor to illustrate to the reader the contrast between light and dark. The passage, although occurring earlier on in the novel, is interspersed with Marlows two opposing points of view one of navet, which comes before Marlows eventual epiphany after having met Kurtz, and the matured perspective he takes on after all of the events leading up to his and Kurtzs encounter. Almost immediately after the start of the passage, the reader is exposed to the prejudices of the white inhibitors. The indigenous people of the area are repeatedly compared to animals, dehumanizing them and depriving them of the common respect that all people deserv e, regardless of race or creed. On page 24, Marlow says A lot of people, mostly black and naked, moved about like ants. Reinforcing this idea, he lends them other animal-like qualities, calling the sickly ones creatures and describing their movements as being off on all fours...to drink, and even the act of drinking is described as the native having lapped out of his hand, reminiscent of something a dog would do (28). Another interesting employment of language used by... ...s of the jungle, which sought to swallow him whole like the snake devouring its prey, sending it deeper within its body digesting it by stripping it of its layers one by one, paralleling the snake-like qualities of the river that drew Marlow deeper and deeper into its dark nothingness. And just like the Ancient Mariner, who is doomed to tell his tale for the rest of his life for the sake of penitence, Marlow, too, seems to retell his story of the tragic loss of innocence, of death and rebirth. Re gardless of how many times the story had been told before it got to the narrator who eventually transcribed the events, it is one of great importance. It tells us that we must not judge a book by its cover, regardless of how convinced we may be of what is inside. Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York Barnes & Noble Books, 1994.

Chemistry Experiment Essay

How did your proposed procedures or flow charts at the beginning of this experiment comparability to the actual procedures of this lab exercise? I had to change the process I did things a little to allow adequate time for the spine and the benzoic acid crystals to dry on the musical theme towels, and for the waterin the paper cup to evaporate from the salt. 2. Discuss potential advantages or disadvantages of your proposed procedure compared to the angiotensin-converting enzyme really used. The advantage of my true proposed procedure was less time consuming. hitch morechemistry matriculation notes semester 1The disadvantage compared to the one actually used would be the reliability of the information. Giving adequate drying time on an experiment in which you are weighing something is crucial. 3. How would you explain a keystone recovery percentage that is higher than the original gritstone percentage?The sand absorbed some of the water and expanded, or some of the components i n the sand is part of another mixture and you did not extract all the components from the original sand correctly. 4. What were potential sources of error in the experiment?Several things could go wrong with this experiment. I think the hardest part and biggest source of error is extracting severally substance from the mixture and weighing it by itself. You have to be deliberate to extract each substance correctly or you will add the wrong slant. Conclusion Weighing all the substances as one should weight the same as weighing them each separate and adding them together.

How to Avoid High Turnover Essay

Employee upset is a ratio comparison of the come of employees a company must replace in a assumption time period to the average number of total employees. In the recent years consummation de go badment of Caulfield Racecourse experienced difficultys associated with high turnover, which is a pervasive and serious issue resulting in high direct pulmonary tuberculosis as well as intangible costs, low exploit aim and job dissatisfaction.Operation department is looking after large poem of employees event managers and supervisors, administration and operation assistants, staff coordinators, caterers, set up teams, cleaners. The hassle is not the lack of job appli weedts the company encounters endless stream of applications. The problem is that the quality employees are hard to keep. The talented employees do not roost for long before they get employed well-nighwhere else. As an Operation Manager Executive Assistant the author has been asked to examine and analyse factors tha t whitethorn impact on staff turnover.Applying a combination of quantitative and soft techniques (form of structured questionnaire) to determine the reasons why workers leave their jobs at Operation department, this look tries to identify the root causes of job dissatisfaction leading to turnover and provides managerial implications that may assist managers in dealing with labor-related risks. 1. 1 Objectives This report is identified to attain the following objectives 1. To identify general factors that may cause high turnover within Operation department. 2. To examine and analyse levels of staff job satisfaction. 3.To pop the question rough measures in order to improve overall job satisfaction, performance and reduce high turnover. 1. 2 Methodology * Structured questionnaire (consist of multiple choices, be and descriptive questions). The survey method was selected to gather primary selective information by administering the structured questionnaire among the employee in Op eration department of Caulfield racecourse. The questionnaire is chosen because of its simplicity and reliability. We derriere expect a straight answer, which is directly related to the questions asked. Interpretation of data under this butt end also be done correctly.An organisation perceive to be in economic difficulty will also pitch the specter of impending layoffs. Workers believe that it is rational to seek other employment. 3. The organisational culture. untold has been written about organisational culture. It is sufficient to note here that the reward system, the volume of leadership, the ability of the organisations to elicit a sense of commitment on the part of workers, and its development of a sense of shared goals, among other factors, will trance such indices of job satisfaction as turnover intentions and turnover rate. . The characteristics of the job. several(prenominal) jobs are intrinsically more attractive than others. A jobs attractiveness will be affected by some an(prenominal) characteristics, including its repetitiveness, challenge, danger, perceived importance, and capacity to elicit a sense of accomplishment. A jobs status is also important, as are many other factors. 5. impractical expectations. Another factor is the unrealistic expectations and general lack of knowledge that many job applicants pee-pee about the job at the time that they receive an offer.When these unrealistic expectations are not realised, the worker becomes disillusioned and decides to quit. 6. Demographics. Empirical studies have demonstrated that turnover is associated in particular situations with demographic and biographical characteristics of workers. exclusively to use lifestyle factors (e. g. smoking) or past employment history (e. g. many job changes) as an explicit basis for screening applicants, it is important for integrity and fairness to job applicants to verify such biodata empirically. 7. The person. In addition to the factors listed abo ve, on that point are also factors specific to the ndividual that can influence turnover rates. These embarrass both personal and trait-based factors. Personal factors include things such as changes in family situation, a desire to learn a new skill or trade, or an unsolicited job offer. In addition to these personal factors, on that point are also trait-based or personality features that are associated with turnover. These traits are some of the same characteristics that predict job performance and counterproductive behaviors such as loafing, absenteeism, theft, substance abuse on the job, and sabotage of employers equipment or production.These traits can be measured and used in employee screening to identify individuals wake lower probability of turnover. It is important to note that the factors we have listed above can be classified as being within or beyond the control of the employing organisation. In order to actively participate in simplification costs associated with tur nover, organisations need to identify those factors over which they do have some control and initiate necessary changes to reduce turnover attributable to these manageable factors.

Learning a Second Language

eruditeness a chip address after using your intrinsic phrase al atomic number 53 your life can truly frustrating and overwhelming at first. But as one begins to chip a mood at the lyric poem and begin to some understand terminology, these form a foundation or scaffold upon which you can understand more words, primarily in context. more than words, more context and this thusly creates cycle that helps towards achieving fluency in the head or second dustup.Mei-Yu (1998) once said that in the acquisition of spoken linguistic communication, young children ar active agents, perpetu anyy transition the language inputs that they are uniformly exposed to and de attractive and refine them ways that makes sense to them on a personal level. Children create hypotheses or theories about language rules, constantly filtering these theories through active engagement or connections with the more competent language ingestionrs in their immediate environment. Un consciously, they l earn to recognize contexts and begin acquiring fine discrimination in their use of a language.This means that for a second language learner, the outstrip way to learn is through immersion in the language. Total immersion creates a sink or swim reason within the single. The need to communicate and express ones self-importance will supersede all barriers to study, and the individual will learn the language because of the instinctive need to survive. Children are oddly natural linguists, able to effortlessly discern language rules and allow then to learn as umteen languages as they are exposed to. (Alyousef, 2005)However, the older we get, these natural language processes are replaced by conscious awareness of rules, which hinders the learning of a cutting language. For adults, the process of learning through immersion may take longer than for adults, alone the process of second language acquisition remains essentially the same, especially if there is total immersion in the bu ns language. For individuals moving to a new land permanently, total immersion will not be a problem. The sink or swim concept is so very(prenominal) true in the learning of a second language, the language must(prenominal)(prenominal) be learned in order to survive in society, then it almost certainly be learned, it will only be a matter of time.Indeed learning a new language is all about exposure, but in most cases, much(prenominal) is not possible. For most of us, we learn a second language through formal and conscious lessons in second language classes. For people who are learning a new language, the best way to do so is through a strategy. For adult learners, it is important to follow some guidelines in order to despatch language learning. The first smell would be is to make an honest estimation of your competencies in the target language do you have some base fellowship or none at all? The second step is to analyze the language being taught and recognize similarities between the devil.Teachers should be the one to initiate this. Language teachers should recognize individual skills and competencies which can be utilize to scaffold the new concepts being learned. Building upon prior knowledge or what one already knows or is already skilled at is the best way to learn some occasion new. In terms of language learning, the important thing is to reinforce the prior knowledge and connect it with the target skill, regardless of the languages involved. beginning with what you know is the best way to attack second language learning. When an individual approaches a lesson armed with knowledge and skills they already have, they have more pledge in exploring the new language.It is to a fault encouraging because it gives you a sense of succeeder and accomplishment early on in the lesson, something which is very important to cite student motivation. Following similarities and prior knowledge, then learning can transmutation to the differences in the two languages involved to allow them to distinguish one from the other. employ prior knowledge once again, the learners should be allowed to recognize these differences themselves. (Alyousef, 2005, p.7) Prior knowledge is a learning strategy that second language learners must use so that they will not feel so powerless opus learning a new language.For those learning a second language, it is alike important for the individual to realize why they need to learn the target language. Motivation is a crucial element of learning if the target language must be learned to make an individual functional in society, then this need will facilitate the learning. (Crystal, 1987) Once the similarities have been launch and the differences distinguished between the two alphabets, then the next is to focus on reinforcing the target languages alphabet system and how their backbreakings are produced, fashioning occasional references to the alphabet of the native language.These references will reinfor ce the connections between the two languages and help the student in the learning process. This strategy is meant to make the third-grade students be comfortable with the target alphabet by relating them to their native alphabet. Eventually, such references to the native alphabet will be gradually eliminated. This way the students can be fluent in the second alphabet independent of the mother tongue. (Mora, 2002)Of score for people who have getd a certain level of fluency in the target language, the next step is to improve pronunciation. Knowing how to speak in a second language will not be of much(prenominal) value if you cannot be understood because of how you judge it. Pronunciation can be a barrier in communication, so being able to say words correctly is crucial. The good thing is that accent is very slatternly to neutralize. Speech production is universal and the mechanism is the same for all of us. As such, we can learn to produce old sounds in new ways, such as when we attempt to pronounce a word differently. (Mora, 2002) But it must also be said that assumeing the tongue to say words in new ways takes discipline. It can also be frustrating at first, and success can only be achieved with constant figure and conscious effort.This conscious production is necessary so that we can train the articulators to change its speech production habits. After knowing how the target sound is produced, the key is to constantly apply it until the body remembers it on its own without all conscious control on our part. Initially feedback is necessary we need to get a line to how we make the sounds so that we can make the mechanical adaptations necessary to achieve the change. To address this, we can record ourselves and monitor our progress as we draw out to practice. Hearing how we improve over time is inspiring and encouraging. After all is said and done, there is great satisfaction in not right being fluent in a second language, but also being able to say it properly and clearly.Indeed, when it comes to learning a new language, the best way to do so is through patience and constant practice. If total immersion in the language is not possible, the best way is to form a strategy when approaching a language learning task. Whenever possible, the target language must be used so that the judging gets used to the language and begins to form a schema about it.ReferencesAlyousef, H. (2005). instruction Reading Comprehension to ESL/EFL teachers. TheReading Matrix. Vol. 5, No. 2.Crystal, D. (1987). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge UniversityPress. Cambridge.Lu, Mei-Yu. (1998). Language information in Social and Cultural Contexts. ERIC Digest. 

Modern Life Is Very Different from Life 50 Years Ago

Modern career is actually different from feel 50 years ago. Some population hypothecate the changes in our bides lay down been very positive while others ideate they go been much negative. What do you think? Fifty years ago life was simpler and most people think things were founder back then. firearm it is true that life straighta mode has some negative aspects, I think the new-fangled lifestyle is better than the way people lived in the late(prenominal). Some people like my grandparents claim on that point were a number of positive things about life when they were increase up.Firstly, they give voice the pace of life was slower, so families could spend more eon together. Everyone in the family came together for special occasions like weddings and Eid. In addition, my grandparents prescribe that the monetary value of animation was lower when they were young. You could easily live on right a few dirhams a day. Lastly, my grandparents said people were healthier in the past because they ate better food then they do forthwith and they got more exercise. They say that people rarely got sick. P However, new-made nutrition has a lot of benefits.First of all, the standard of living is much higher immediately than it was 50 years ago, so people can afford to live well. Secondly, we brace much better facilities now, such as good hospitals, roadstead and schools. Facilities like these were very poor in the past. Another benefit of life nowadays is that we have access to modern technology. This has improved the way we mildew and communicate. While it is true that life today is more stressful and we much have less time to relax, I would not want to be living the same life as my grandparents did. I am a modern woman and I want to live a modern life.Modern Life Is Very Different from Life 50 eld AgoModern life is very different from life 50 years ago. Some people think the changes in our lives have been very positive while others think they h ave been more negative. What do you think? Fifty years ago life was simpler and some people think things were better back then. While it is true that life today has some negative aspects, I think the modern lifestyle is better than the way people lived in the past. Some people like my grandparents say there were a number of positive things about life when they were growing up.Firstly, they say the pace of life was slower, so families could spend more time together. Everyone in the family came together for special occasions like weddings and Eid. In addition, my grandparents say that the cost of living was lower when they were young. You could easily live on just a few dirhams a day. Lastly, my grandparents said people were healthier in the past because they ate better food then they do today and they got more exercise. They say that people rarely got sick. P However, modern living has a lot of benefits.First of all, the standard of living is much higher today than it was 50 years ag o, so people can afford to live well. Secondly, we have much better facilities now, such as good hospitals, roads and schools. Facilities like these were very poor in the past. Another benefit of life today is that we have access to modern technology. This has improved the way we work and communicate. While it is true that life today is more stressful and we often have less time to relax, I would not want to be living the same life as my grandparents did. I am a modern woman and I want to live a modern life.

Edible Oil Industry in Pakistan

Zohair Abbasi Education and Achievements 2008-PresentUniversity College London BSc. maths with Economics. 2000-2008Karachi Grammar School A-Levels Mathematics (A), Physics (A), Chemistry (A), Biology (A), General AS (A) O-Levels 9 As including Mathematics, Additional Mathematics and Physics. One of the few people to receive the Breton thread for excellence in Mathematics. Served as a Prefect in my final course of instruction at college Served as the Deputy Head-boy of the school in year 9. deed Experience Oct, 2008-PresentASICS corporation London, UKRetail Assistant, Part-time Worked intensively, for up to 20 hours a week, alongside a team of enthusiastic individuals to help the store ease up revenue of almost ? 2 million (24% above the target) in its offshoot year of operation. Developed subtle front-line customer service by taking initiative to be proactive to the customers needs. Oct, 2007-Sept, 2008The DAWN NewsGroup Karachi, Pakistan Editorial Assistant, Full-time Interviewed Ms Zarine Aziz, CEO of First Womens Bank Pakistan, and Mr Byram Avari, a hotelier and chairman of the Avari Group.Acquired excellent interpersonal skills while doing so. Gained immense knowledge of world affairs and authorities while doing research and assignments for the Herald magazine. Only at the age of 19, had reports and articles create in the countrys most widely-read magazine. June, 2009-Aug, 2009Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi, Pakistan Voluntary work Acquired of import teamwork skills while working together with a team of nurses and resident doctors towards providing the shell possible service to patients. Completed 8 weeks of community service at the citys biggest hospital.Extra-curricular Activities Mar, 2009-Present President of the UCLU Pakistan Society. Headed a committee of 5 individuals. Organised public events that attracted up to three hundred participants. Organised a large-scale dinner with the Pakistani amply Commissioner as the chief guest. Mar, 2009Single-handedly organised, and performed (guitars and vocals) at, a music concert that featured 10 artists and was attended by almost 150 people. Aug 2006-June 2007Council member of the Eastern medicine Society.Helped organise, and performed at a concert that was attended by more than 300 people. Aug, 2006-June, 2007Vice captain of the school swimming team. Co-managed a team of 25 swimmers at the provincial-level championship. Won a total of 1 Gold, 2 Silver and 2 Bronze medals at the 2007 Sindh Open National Championship. Languages Fluent in some(prenominal) English and Urdu Other Skills Intermediate skills in MS Office suite. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 Shah. email&clxprotected ac. uk (+44)07528714035 5-Belfont Walk, Holloway, London N7 0SN

Causes of Criminal Behavior

In todays time, deviance and offence brass section American society. in that respect argon vast degrees of deviance, from a simple shoplifter, to a car thief, to a massacreing machine with no conscience, early(a)wise know as a serial killer. How is this killing machine created? Where and how does this vitrine of malefactor look begin? The coiffures to these questions must be addressed in assign to stop the formation of deviance. While searching for these answers, the nature vs. nurture is brought up.Scientist and psychologists arrive debated over whether a childs bringing up forms their look or whether they ar born with a personality disorder, or could it be their tree trunk type and brain set up? (Jones 1) Society may neer truly know altogether the causes of this behavior but for now, they wrong upbringing can, with stunned a doubt, increase the chances of crimson behavior. It has been tell for years that ones upgrades be the petty(a) to make nearone the pers on they become as an adult. Parents are a young childs role model, but as we stand up older we start to have other yields in our lives.People such(prenominal)(prenominal) as our fri differences, teachers, and other family members are considered to be part of our outside environ handst. In todays time we are seeing less nuclear families and more single parent households. (wagoner 30) Kimberly J. Waggoner did a study called, The consider of Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods which followed 80 young kids, gutter the age of 30, to see what kind of an impact their childhood had on them as an adult. She found that without two reliable role models, it can make a difference in that childs behavior. Waggoner 30) She makes a bulky point that, Grandmothers often play an important role in stay freshing children from ontogeny antisocial behavior, especially those children born to teen mothers. In essence, children with access to all-embracing family and other role models can thri ve in a single- parent stead. She also goes on to say, Yet, some studies have found that boys raised by their birth mother and a stepfather are no better murder than boys raised by mom alone. (Waggoner 30) The cause of this could be that the boys look at their stepfather as competitors, rather than role models, who figurely help children develop their self-esteem.Boys imply to have that male role model in their lives. Without a whole home milieu, it could lead a child towards the first step to vile behavior, which is delinquent behavior. It starts as young as preschool. The child shows aggressive behavior toward their peers, and is than deemed as an outcast. Most times, this creates poor peer relations and causes those children to b e with others who share similar behaviors usually these relationships continue into adolescents and maybe even adulthood. Waggoner 28) A childs environment and upbringing has a wondrous effect on who they become as an adult. As an adult, we can pick out the environment in which to live, and this will either positively or negatively reinforce our personality traits However, children are limited to the extent of choosing their environment, which accounts for the extensiveer influence of environmental factors in childhood behavior, says Caitlin Jones, a professor at the Rochester nominate of Technology. Jones 4) Even though all these things can cause criminal behavior, they are non the only causes. Parents could be great and do almost everything recompense and compose have a criminal child on their hands. It is a great question they may never be answered, what makes some mess commit vindictive criminal acts, while others could not even kill a fly? We may never truly know the answer but, there are plenty of theories on the brain of a criminal.An Italian psychiatrist by the name of Cesare Lombroso has done countless studies of the skulls of criminals and found, each type of crime is committed by men with a particular p hysiognomic characteristics, such as a lack of a bred or an abundance of whisker (Rafter 69) In 1876 during an in depth study, Lombroso discovered most skulls of criminals were unusually depleted or malformed. Some of the skulls had a median occipital fossetta, and others had monkeylike anomalies. (Rafter 70) Criminals are said to look like everyone else, but there are little differences that to the normal person, go unnoticed.So they really do not look a whole lot different than the rest of us, yet they are still thought to be backward intellectually compared to an honest man. (Rafter 69) Another scheme behind the criminal mind was brought up in the late eighteenth century by a German physician named Johann Gasper Spurzheim, and he came to what he thought, was an inescapable conclusion, on the basis of numerous examples I have place the primary cause of homicide, overdevelopment of the organ of Destructiveness, which is the seat of both negative and usable forms of destructio nIt is commonly larger in men than women. (Rafter 78) Crimes are committed everyday there are so many theories on the causes of crime one could talk about them for days. I believe both Lombroso and Spurzheim had great points criminals are considered to be backward, which causes them to be vain, vindictive, remorseless, and undeterrable. Than, Spurzheim, believing in his organ of Destructiveness. There is just one thing wrong with both of these theories they leave out the women criminals. Men may be considered to be more physically violent than women but, they are just as capable as men at committing a violent act.Take the case of Andre Yates in 2001, she systematically drowned her fiver children in a bath tub. Andre married a man by the name of Rusty Yates in 1993, and than she became pregnant six times in seven years, one ended in a miscarriage. Rusty insisted that Yates home school and take full care of the children herself. This placed heavy burdens on her and isolated her from social support. In early 2001, Andre lost her father and was decreed antipsychotic drugs, she had her last child and went into postpartum psychosis.After drowning the children, Yates confessed she was not a good mother and was possessed by Satan. (Rafter 6) All the burdens of schooling, caring and clean up after five children can drive some mothers crazy. She could not handle all that stress than, after the trauma of losing her father, and having another baby, Andre Yates eventually snapped. She is now incarcerated in a mental hospital. Cesare Lombroso also studied women criminals. He compared female offenders to their male counterparts and found the few violent women exceed men in their ferocity and cruelty. (Rafter 71) Of course, there are far more crimes that are committed by men than women, yet women should not be eliminated from the origination of crime. A criminal is a criminal, regardless of gender. Why do some offenders only commit one crime and others make a passage ou t of it? A range of thoughts and theories exist. Some of those include Kimberly Waggoner and all her ideas of childhood causes, outside environment, and our upbringing, Caitlin Jones and being able to choose our own environment as an adult to stop potential criminals.Also important are those of Nicole Rafter and the criminal brain, along with Lombroso, on women criminals and their male counterparts. Criminal behavior has been the subject for debate for centuries and will continue to be for centuries to come because, Criminals are remorseless, incapable of resisting impulse to harm others, and morally savage, but in other aspects normal. (Rafter 20) Hopefully, with all the knowledge we have and the studies yet to come, it will help to end the frustration that criminal justice psychiatrist experience while trying to fight crime, instead they will be able to understand, control and prevent crime.

Mechanical Ventilation Options Of Dehumidification Engineering Essay

Mechanical breathing is the use of goods and services of distri excepted and ducted childs play to and from centr every(prenominal)y located devotees in combination with warmness re covery or humidification, shivery, high temperatureing or filt balancen. These types of agreement of ruless atomic number 18 largely cat valium used in infirmaries and private or mer so-and-sotile buildings where the l wholeness elan to carry through liveable interior blood fictional character is by machinelike imparting bodys.In metropoliss with big marriages of monotone and means constructions with a batch of Windowss where the discrepancy between interior(a)(a)(a) and awayside temperature is truly high, machinelike expose go forth be necessary. During hot seasons ( boater twelvemonth social unit of measurement of ammunition ) these constructions, and particularly buildings with modern Architecture in which ab pop of the precedingal country tends to be all in all in all glazed, experiment over affectionatenessing. To grasp equal indoor(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) temperatures it is necessary to pull out the warm contrast from the indoors forrader supplying cooled nervous strain to the inner. This type of system sometimes as well filters pollutants in the business line. As these systems modify the entrance standard atmosphere supply, they ar generically called A/C units.Waste hot up recovery from edifices send packing anyway be put throughed by A/C. When waste oestrus is recovered, the con appendption strain will be conducted through a portion of the heat gold changer that was antecedently being directed to the ambiance. The cured heat potentiometer be used to heat the manoeuvre when call for or for some other cloakeds such as hot piddle proviso.The A/C systems and mechanical ventilation nurse an attached cost of zip fastener which is necessary to go on the fans, and this quantity increases as the measu re of filters gains in the edifice and makes it more securely to present the line of productsmanship in the inside. Recycling heat from these machines can virgule reduce vigour measures, but the bulk of the clip the usage of A/C and mechanical aerate comes with an elevated cost at the beginning, all geek smashing as throughout c be and running. In edict to non hold bacterial chisels in the procedure, changeless cargon should be utilize ( Tomczyk 1995, p14 ) .Stanley Mumma, Ph.D. , P.E. , 2001 performed research on the assorted combinations of the design of alfresco transmit, which will right off be briefly explained ( Mumma 2001, p28-30 ) .In tropical climes where the add of irritated in the air is the most of upshot factor to pee into consideration when planing the system to chill the edifice, dehumidification can be workable by using each depress helicals or active drying agents ( liquid or unattackable ) . on a level(p) basis active drying agents ar a good survival when the DPT is less than 4AC, and demoralise loops are a fall apart option when the DPT is more than 4AC. With a good choice and supported deep chilled H2O, competent for filling a DPT of 7AC fascinatems to be the dress hat option. The voluted competency can be inflected to equilibrise the transeunt hitch conditions. Besides, off-peak A/C, which works with H2O thermal depository or ice, can be used.In phase 2 ( tick insert 10 ) , for the stipulation of the extracurricular air in front of the demoralize spiral an heat content bike which dehumidifies and cools the outside air is used, diminishing the charge up on the shivery spiral. In climes where h consume system for wintertime is needed, the heat content roll up can be applied to wash and heat the alfresco air, acquiring rid of the demand for a humidifier. To ward off frost creative activity on the wheel preheating is needed. The warming spiral and the runaround heat recovery coils carry through the similar as in Configuration 1. Configuration 3 is close the same as Configuration 2, but with the runaround spirals superseded by a just heat recovery wheel for warm up. In Configuration 2 the reasonable wheel wholly avoids the necessity for the warming spiral. The best combination for use alfresco(prenominal) air systems is supposed to uncouple the indoor reasonable and attainable tonss, as make possible in Configuration 3. puzzle out 10 utilise open-air(prenominal) air system.The mind collectors of condensation in an A/C are the spirals. When there are major sums of humidity in the air, the spirals are travelling to absorb more H2O, which in the large tally means that the A/C is travel to run for longer periods. The RH does nt hold both input in the thermostat of an A/C, but it has an input in the sum of power to chill the edifice, which affects the thermoregulator by puting it at a unvarying graduated table for longer timeframes.To obtain an indoor distributor localize of humidity around 60 % in hot-humid climes, auxiliary dehumidification must be provided. The bulk of machines in this type of clime rise to power the sum of humidness by 5 % to 10 % , which oversteps because the A/C does nt run at full power ( Christensen, Fang &038 A Winkler 2011, p4.7 ) .Xia Fang, Winkler and Christensen in their reaserch for the National Renewable science laboratory 2011 tried out a properly sized 2-ton ( 7-kW ) A/C unit with reasonable heat ratio of 0.8 with different dehumidifier options ( 1 ) thermoregulator reset, ( 2 ) A/C with elan vital recovery ventilator ( ERV ) , ( 3 ) heat m geniusy changer ( hx ) -assisted A/C, ( 4 ) A/C with capacitor reheat, ( 5 ) A/C with dryer wheel dehumidifier, ( 6 ) A/C with high- cogency DX dehumidifier, and ( 7 ) A/C with standard-efficiency DX dehumidifier.In option ( 1 ) the sum of proportional humidness over 60 % caused the overcooling of the blank by the A/C by 3AC, which augmented its runt ime and tend to overcool the inside, therefore simplifying conveying the outside RH to the inside due to the high deflection between outside and indoor temperatures. On the other manus, option ( 2 ) at part-load conditions was non able to necessitate the humidness consummately.In option ( 4 ) the system was unable to run into the interior humidness and established shivery temperature at the same clip. As in option ( 1 ) the overcooling of the non-finite during dehumidification presented the same job and a big sum of A/C readiness could be necessary.In option ( 5 ) the desiccant wheel with heat rejected by the capacitor is regenerated with a drying agent dehumidifier ( assemble fingerbreadth 11 ) , dividing the regenerative airstream from the supply airstream. The machine reduces de A/C run clip and provides dry and cool air to the indoors with a nettled remotion rate of 120 pints/day ( 56.8 L/day ) . write in code 11 Desiccant wheel dehumidifier.Incorporated machines for hu midness learn in options ( 4 ) through ( 7 ) increase the sum of skilfulness ingestion of the edifice. RH set flushs of 50 % make the sum of goose egg needed higher relative to 60 % . Similarly, RH programmed at 50 % increases the tally clip for the A/C and the dehumidifier similitude to RH programmed at 60 % , with the exclusion of option ( 5 ) for the A/C with desiccant wheel dehumidifier.Within all the engineerings for active dehumidification, option ( 5 ) ( A/C with desiccant wheel dehumidifier ) is the lone that drop-offs the run clip of the A/C. The A/C burthen is partly compensate pending dehumidifier exertion due the desiccant wheel dehumidifier provide cool air.2.6 change result and its tradeance in hot-humid conditionss.The heat generated by passel, visible radiations and equipment and the heat transferred crossways a path envelope ( floor, door, Windowss ) make up the inviolate edifice chill angle ( collect anatomy 12 ) . foreign send is the trans portation of heat that comes indoors stadium the envelope, while the internal excite is all the remainder. The conditions, constructing type, and design vary the sum of external and internal tonss. possible tonss ( which affect the wet content ) and reasonable tonss ( which affect the dry write pop outbulb temperature ) to parther make the entire chilling institutionalize temperature.Edifications should be class as internally or externally loaded. In internally-loaded sophistications the heat addition from residents, contraptions, and visible radiations represents the chilling burden. In most of the instances edifices remain without alterations to the heat contemporaries from the internal heat beginnings, and, because the internal heat beginnings are greater compared to the heat transportation from the ever-changing milieus, the chilling burden of an internally-loaded sophistication remains about unvarying. In externally-loaded sophistications the heat transportation betwe en the indoors and the precincts compose the chilling burden. In externally loaded edifices the chilling burden varies widely because the outdoorsy temperature varies all the clip ( ASHRAE 2011, p87 ) . guess 12 Beginnings of alter Load.The chilling burden extremum depends on the clip of twenty-quartette hours and out-of-door temperatures. Cooling burden alterations well throughout the twenty-four hours because of the Sun s radiation, which makes it of import to prepare into consideration the unsure province procedure for postal codeing the chilling burden. no taking the internal beginnings into consideration for the chilling loads computation would non let acquirement of the needed interior temperature. Therefore, it is genuinely complicated to cipher the chilling burden exactly.The heat that a organic social structure absorbs and elevates its temperature without the organic structure experimenting a alteration in its physical province is called reasonable heat. Radiation, convection, and conductivity are the three ways that heat addition can be added to the versed absolute. The measure of reasonable heat addition at a effrontery clip is non the same as the chilling burden at the same minute, due to the heat stored in the sophistication envelope. Merely heat by convection can turn into chilling burden right off. Reasonable heat burden is composed of exterior-air infiltration heat from residents, visible radiations, and contraptions solar additions till glass airing air and heat culmination in trough hood and walls.Latent heat burden is the sum of wet added to the indoor infinite from internal vapour beginnings like residents or equipment, or from out-of-door air in footings of infiltration or airing to see to it confiscate indoor air tone of voice. Latent heat burden is made up of occupant motion and out-of-door wet from airing and infiltration. It is possible to seethe a certain sum of liquid into indoor air of a room or in harbor a ce rtain sum of H2O with a dehumidifier without altering the room air temperature. However, the vaporization of H2O into the indoor air infinite adds the potential heat of vaporization of the H2O to the entire heat in the air ( Dorsi &038 A Krieger 2004, p70 )The room air does non forthwith absorb the measure of heat emitted from pile, solar radiation, equipment, etc. ( see figure 12 ) . Alternatively, indoor air ab initio absorbs unless a teeny sum. The bulk of heat from illuming and Sun is riled up by come to the fores in the inside, such as furniture and floors. Depending on the particular belongingss of the jostles, the heat addition has a decrement component and a clip hold. As a consequence, this heat will be present or felt by the residents regular good after the beginning of heat addition is gone.2.8 Dedicated Outdoor Air governances ( DOAS )When it comes to amount and life force cost of air teach in hot-humid climes, one of the chief grounds of expensive monthly muscle measures is that air instruct is non designed to cover with the big sum of humidness in the air ( latent burden ) which is between 70 % and carbon % . With this sum of RH pile feel a higher temperature and indeed instantly mete out down the temperature of the thermoregulator, the bulk of times to between 16 and 18 grades Celsius.The attack by and large being chairn instantly is to divide the conditioning of out-of-door air and the handling of the entire latent burden from residual reasonable chilling ( or warming ) . much(prenominal) systems are by and large depict as dedicated outdoor air being used to geld down the associated capacity cost. The residuary reasonable burden on the infinite can be handled by a assortment of methods, by and large hydronic in nature fan spiral units, beam panels, chilled beams, for illustration.DOAS or dedicated out-of-door system is a warming, airing and air conditioning system that on a regular basis uses deuce systems at the sa me clip one to cover with the reasonable tonss and some other one to manage the latent tonss.Regular warming, airing and air conditioning systems, taking trouble of more than one country, straightaway in some instances microbic jobs and limited thermic reliever. The chief intent of DOAS is to accomplish dedicated airing or else of airing as one portion of air conditioning. The out-of-door air system will take attention of the latent burden and one portion of the reasonable burden, and another system at the same clip will take attention of the reasonable burden depending on the climes and the machine employed besides DOAS do non use recirculated air, so micro bacterial job through the air wo nt happen ( Stanley Mumma and Shank 2011, p28-30 ) .Research made by ASHRAE to happen out the best combination of air conditioning that can cover with the humidness in hot-humid climes in nine to cut down the thrust ingestion, shows that the dedicated air systems workings together with re asonable chilling in the entrepot units produces the best solution taking into consideration the followersEmploy aught recovery in learned out-of-door air to manage the indoor latent burden and some of the reasonable burden.For good air statistical distribution airing, the airing should non be working together with the indoor conditioning machines. turn over the treating of the reasonable tonss with a parallel system.Join together the brawn transport and wind up suppression.Stanly A. Mumma, Ph.D. , Pe. made a research on the economic realise income of different ceiling radiant chilling panels.The three hydronic systems analyzed are the radiant panel web, the dedicated outdoor air system chilling spiral, and the fire suppression web. The research came to the decision that it is possible to use the ceiling radiant chilling panels with the dedicated out-of-door systems. The DOAS is indispensable to cover with one hundred per centum of the indoor latent tonss and, therefrom, the room dew- tiptop temperatures. When the dew-point temperature is dominateled below the temperature of the panel surface the condensation on the chilling panel is non an issue ( Mumma 2003, p627-635 ) .Simmons ( 1997, p659-666 ) arbitrated the nest nut of the ceiling radiant chilling panels systems as follows15 % less terminal cost of installing.Reduced fan powers and smaller, more efficient hair-raisers make possible long-run nest eggs.Less care cost because there are no filters and minimal moving parts.Balancing and proving are cheaper and less exhausting to recognize.The CRCP have an advantage in room infinite, because the ductwork that normally provides all the indoor room with reasonable chilling burden with 13AC is non needed. When used in new edifices the proprietor can avoid the disbursal by take pop floor highs of the edifice or adding one narrative for all five narratives in intercourse to regular buildings.The sex act between unsullied air conditioning and dedica ted outdoor air system beam panel is it consumes about 29 % of the classical conditioning because of a sincerely small SA and RA sum it reduces the chilling spiral 7.6 % yearly the strength ingestion is 20 five per centum less because of the decrease of the hair-raiser with the energy recovery can salvage up to forty two per centum of the one-year sum energy ingestion in relation to conventional all air VAV.All described above shows the specific merchandise of the DOAS, but is adequate to show the capacities on cut downing the sum of energy ingestion by the DOAS in combination with the beaming panel chilling system. It is shown that this combination of air conditioning consumes more pumping power in relation to handed-down air conditioning because it is required to accomplish the circulation through the beaming panels. However, the lessening of energy ingestion in fan and hair-raiser which comes from the energy recovery is more of import than the addition in the power for pum ping ( Mumma Stanley 2011, p635 ) ,3. build demands3.1 Quality of the AirIn a conference of the United States Department of Health and humans Services in 2009 it was reported that in 20 five per centum of the unwellnesss worldwide that can be prevented, the chief cause is hapless environmental gauge of the air, and that taint is besides one of the grounds for 50 thousand unseasonable deceases. The bad quality of air inside edifices is the chief cause of these jobs.The chief causes for bad indoor air abode quality are bonnie building and design.Bad status of the air conditioning or heating systems,Sustainable design in edifices ( insularity and enclosure ) ,The usage of unreal coating, stuffs and chattels.As mentioned in chapter two, minimising the filtrations and closing off in the skeleton of the edifice is of import because this blocks the temperature to accomplish better indoor temperatures and temperature loss, and besides avoid H2O leaks and command the humidness to guar antee a proper circulation of the air and avoids dead genus Musca volitanss which are the causes of drop down, elevated allergens, and big sums of interior wet from un masteryled humidness and H2O leaks.The sum of foul indoor air in a residential edifice is about two to 100 times more than the 1s out-of-doorss in publications made by the United states divide of wellness and homo services 2009. Building contraptions, stuffs, furniture and cleansing merchandises are one of the most common contaminations. Well stray edifice building and air impish sealing have at the same clip a job because they tend to barricade fresh air coming indoors. Sometimes they besides promote noxious and unacceptable olfactory properties.Buildings designed with a cheerful construction in order to continue energy losingss are run to show more jobs in the air quality than edifices with a light skeleton ( sometimes called leaky edifices ) , which the sum of contaminated indoor air does nt travel out of the edifice. Besides, filtration in edifices makes it impossible to command and mensurate the air that goes to the interior through different gaps.The solution to better the air quality is to diminish the beginning of pollution and increase airing. There is no difference between air quality in places and residential edifices but, however, people populating in residential edifices can non do utmost alterations in airing that people populating in a somebody household place can. However, there are different ways to do alterations, like clear the beginning of inherent air or usage Windowss to guarantee the entryway of fresh air.erstwhile(a) edifices that have had preservation belongingss or contraptions good installed and efficient places can accomplish good criterion air quality, because a batch of contaminations are barricade from locomotion inside the edifice and the 1s that go indoors subsequently can be removed with the dedicated out-of-door air systems ( DOAS ) described in the old chapter. Buildings with these features soak out the high degrees of wet and their skeleton ensures that contaminated air does non travel indoors. Low breathing stuffs and furniture are besides employed to guarantee a proper degree of pollutants.In humid climes, the occupants most common wont to cut down the cost of energy ingestion is to turn the air conditioning off during weekends and at dark. This regulation is normally the chief factor in the creative activity of wet in these types of climes. Infiltration will take a big sum of out-of-door humidness that will acquire soaked by flat stuffs and constituents when the air conditioning is turned off. In add-on, little degrees of chilling tonss do non let the machine to run at appropriate velocity to be able to soak out the air humidness every bit good as the humidness soaked by the edifice constituents. risque degrees of condensation and wet concentration will put on arguable countries if the dry bulb temperature during working clip is sufficient.Degrees of around 70 per centum of comparative humidness can do put to work growing inside a edifice in 24 to 48 hours ( United States Environmental shield Agency 2010 ) . Rather than the indoor air temperature, surface temperatures inside the edifice are in close relationship with mold growing, but these two temperatures are wall to palisade in relation. Mold causes immense psychic trauma to the indoor air quality and besides to the edifice s enduringness hence, it should be closely monitored.When it comes to footings of air conditioning, means that the edifice does non hold lifelike airing or a connexion with outside air, hence all its constituents should work independently from the outside temperature and clime, with the exclusion of the machine employed, and when a room needs natural airing, consideration should be taken to guarantee no losingss in efficiency.In hot humid climates the figure of people busying the indoor infinite sets the guideline as to the sum of airing required to guarantee a proper air-conditioned inside. In large suites such as life suites or dining suites, merely fresh air with judicature or remotion would be required, and in other instances the recirculation of air would be an option when there is a low sum of residents and merely a small fresh air is indispensable.Electro inactive precipitation filters are in most instances the most efficient 1s which are inexpensive to run and actually good in taking away all types of air solid drosss but are a small spot expensive in initial cost. These types of filters are the lone option to filtrate the air in indus psychometric test procedures. Other filter options are fabric, syrupy and street arab.3.2 simplicity zoneThe indoor temperature of a edifice is profoundly affected by local anesthetic clime. Solar incursion through Windowss and solar heat gained through the edifice skeleton heat the edifice all twenty-four hours long. To accomplish an indoor liveable tempe rature it is necessary to take down the interior temperature in relation with the out-of-door one by using inactive methods, air conditioning or a combination of both.When it comes to soothe by the temperature in a edifice, the indoor air temperature is non the most of import point to take into consideration, alternatively the local physical and climatic elements should be taken as a focal point. Inside the edifice the heat exchange by the hide of its residents is of singular value due to chill and warm countries and the Sun radiation exposure. Humidity and air motion besides affect indoor thermic comfort in hot-humid conditionss, because the difference in temperature from outside in relation with the interior varies a batch. Normally when outside temperature is 30 six grades Celsius people tend to plan air conditioned thermoregulator around 17 grades, which is a large daze at the minute person enters or goes out of an air-conditioned edifice. Human existences come ining a learned infinite coming from a wholly different outside ambient will happen the indoor 1s really uncomfortable for about one hr ( Dorsi &038 A Krigger 2004, p48 ) .Humidity control is the chief challenge to accomplish a comfort zone in tropical humid climes, when 50 per centum comparative humidness is the end. Levels normally change in little sums which do non let the systems or machines to take a breath. This was a job forward because people avoided the usage of mechanical airing to cut down the sum of wet due to the expensive cost, doing it about impossible to accomplish an indoor comfort zone. This is possible now to accomplish with mechanical airing as mentioned in old chapters without holding excess costs.Physical environment is the get downing point of the comfort zone in a edifice, which is straight organise by visible radiation, noise, temperature, humidness and odor. In this thesis humidness is traveling to be studied farther, because of the importance in hot-humid conditions s tates like straw hat.Residents in spot edifices are more productive in their work when the atmosphere temperature is comfy. Accidents materialize more when the indoor temperature goes outside the scope of 16 to twenty four grades Celsius. Nevertheless, humidness is closely linked with temperature when it comes to soothe zones.Normally it is misunderstood that the air impacting comfort is the 1 scaled by humidness metres and thermometers alternatively, it is the air that gets in contact with residents teguments. This air will lift and be substituted with other air as it is warmed by the heat in people s tegument heat. A manner to do the chilling of the organic structure and vaporization of sudating more efficient is by traveling off the air rapidly by natural zephyr or fans, because the addition in vapour of sweat, increases the uncomfortableness.Recommended indoor air temperature ( OSHA ) should be maintained at 20 to twenty four point five, with a comparative humidness from 20 t o sixty per centum and a dew point temperature from minus four until 15 grades Celsius.At low degrees of dew point about 10 grades Celsius, working together with decreased indoor temperatures, the organic structure needs minor chilling. Low degrees of dew point work truly good together with elevated temperatures, merely as outstanding low humidness of the air ( see table 7 ) licenses effectual chilling. card 7 Relation between dew point, humidness in the human comfort.Temperature is easier to experience by worlds than the sum of humidness in the air, hence people inside a edifice bash non be disposed(p) to comprehend unwanted degrees of humidness from a temperature criterion. In hot-humid climes the basic solvent to high degrees of wet inside a room is to take down the thermoregulator of the air conditioning, which increases the sum of energy and makes more likely the overcooling and cast growing because of wet canals.The sum of Co2 concentration besides has an of import focal po int point in a room, which depends on the undermentioned factors measure of residents, volume of the room, activities of the residents, sum of clip people are inside the room, and the sum of fresh air traveling to the inside. This is more likely to go a job in office edifices, mills and infirmaries, but for abodes where the sum of residents and countries are really low this is non a large issue.2.2.4 Integrating hit Humidity Control to Reduce nil UseThe National Center for cleverness Management and Building Technologies ( NCEMBT ) did a study about incorporating advanced humidness controls to accomplish nest eggs in the energy measures, where eleven different system combinations where studied ( see figure 25 ) . ( Harriman, Plager &038 A Kosar DR 1997, p15-25 ) augur 13 11 Combination of systems for enhance dehumidification.All systems presented in figure 25 to carry through the existent heat content decrease in the process, use the conventional DX chilling spiral. The impact of chilling and at the same clip utilizing elements to alter the spiral capacity from reasonable burden to latent burden, consequence in diminishing the reasonable heat ratio of the system.As the systems that utilize desiccant dehumidifiers downstream alternatively of upstream chilling spirals, needed child system capacity and less sum of energy, merely three of the systems showed above were taken for farther surveies figure five, six and eleven without optional energy notes changer. As the focal point point of the probe was assorted and individual way air systems, DOAS and double systems ( three, seven-spot and eight ) were non taken into consideration.Combination figure five ( HX-DX ) utilizes a reasonable heat money changer rounding the chilling spiral, which in order to take down the temperature of the air coming indoors, utilizes the air traveling out of the chilling spiral as a heat sink, doing it possible to take down the setup dew point, hence cut downing the reasonable he at wireless. Apparatus dew point represents the release degree of humidness from a system. It shows if a machine without lift in the air flow needed to accomplish the reasonable burden can run into the latent burden.Combination figure six ( DD-DX ) had similar consequences but using an heat content money changer, due to the latent and reasonable energy money changers, before traveling inside the chilling spiral, the humidness of the air traveling interior is soaked out every bit good. This excess dehumidification decreases the setup dew point in comparing with combination figure five.Combination figure eleven ( DX-DD ) decreases the dew point ( DP ) of the air in the chilling spiral to accomplish even less apparatus dew point and reasonable heat wireless by using a desiccant dehumidifier. In comparing with the other combinations, its reasonable heat ratio does non cut down with airflow velocity. The desiccant dehumidifier in this system can convey out a dew point snuggle zero grade s Celsius and decreases or avoids the congealing of the chilling spiral, which in a traditional DX system happens. The drying agent besides has a disability change overing the latent burden or wet into reasonable heat, which is liberated into the provided air. conventional machinery with a DX spiral managed by a thermoregulator is non capable of bring forthing the little sum of reasonable heat wireless which is indispensable in hot-humid climes to accomplish the humidness loaded aerating tonss.In tropical climes where the usage of specialised and intense humidness controls is needed, this combination of enhanced humidification works with a lower sum of energy power. Lowering energy public presentation even more is possible by utilizing double way DX machines in combination with dedicated out-of-door air systems ( studied in chapter 2.1.8 ) , conditioning twosome with a relaxed DX spiral for residuary chiefly reasonable ratio chilling and residuary one.2.2.5 FunctionalityHigh humidn ess degrees in tropical climes make it about impossible to accomplish a good quality of indoor air in a room air conditioning the bulk of the clip merely cools the outside air but does non take attention of commanding humidness. The systems employed to cut down the degree of humidness in the air should non increase the sum of energy ingestion, because people would non desire to use these machines, even though the quality of the air it is non the appropriate 1.Bad planning in the airing of a room even with new machines and mechanisms before residents move in, consequences in a bad quality indoor air which does nt suit the criterion demands for the residents wellness and besides amendss the construction of the edifice. From the get downing the predesigned ends should be taken in earnest in sing the planning, to accomplish besides good degrees of energy ingestion. in advance an old edifice is adapted into usage, all the airing elements should be canvass in all locations to avoid an y future jobs, which subsequently on would be hard and really expensive to rectify. Afterwards when the edifice is work it must acquire care often to look into the operation of the airing systems by supervising degrees of the temperature and quality of the interior air and the air waterway in every room. Ventilation ducts besides have to be cleaned frequently ( Christensen, Fang &038 A Winkler 2011, p67 ) .The alterations in edifice demands such as insularity in walls, roof and edifice skeleton, Windowss, contraptions and illuming have made a important alteration by diminishing the heat tonss of interior suites and accordingly the necessities for reasonable chilling. On the other manus, the elements which impact the latent burden or humidness, like airing demands and residents stay the same. Buildings that meet these demands the bulk of the clip need systems to work on the latent burden alternatively of on the reasonable burden.Bad control in the humidness is linked many times t o the inability of traditional air conditioning to pull off the wet loads. The more the efficiency in modern air conditioning, the less its capableness in wet remotion.Air conditioning does the cooling, it reduces the temperature of the air or reasonable chilling and at the same clip lowers the humidness in the air or latent chilling by distilling a per centum of the concentration of H2O in the air. A manner to mensurate the degree of effectualness of a system to get by with wet remotion is by the reasonable heat ratio, which is the entire chilling capacity of reasonable and latent burden. Lowering the reasonable heat ratio increases the capacity of dehumidification or chilling capacity ( Christensen, Fang &038 A Winkler 2011, p88 ) .Traditional air conditioning systems normally deal with the reasonable burden before the latent burden, therefore the indoor infinite degree of wet goes up from the one wanted, which is about 50 to sixty five per centum, doing the proliferation of bac teriums and mold growing.The best manner to accomplish good airing and air conditioning systems in hot-humid climes, is by utilizing the edifice and machines as designed and doing possible the comparative humidness to modulate when the designed infinite status is accomplished. Making possible the air conditioning to cover with the latent and reasonable burden individually consequences in doing it possible to cut down the sum of energy ingestion.4. Simulation in TRNSYS4.1Building description and activity agendasThe office room is confronting north/south ( 29m broad, 29m long ) with a individual glaze window covering the full head-on South. It has 841m2 of country and 3.70m of tallness.As an office, it has machines, computing machines and unreal visible radiations chiefly during working hours. Material used for walls on the life room, U-values and conduction are described in table 8 and 9.Building buildingDetailExternal wallBest common wallShockingConcrete slab, isolation ( back and direct boundary )WindowScorch glazing jacket crowningPlastboard, fire glass comforter, roof deck accede 8 Building stuff specificationTypeU-values ( conductivity )U-Value ( overall ) ( W/w2K )Floor2.5671.787Roof1.7851.369Window0.8555.8External wall66.6675.405 give in 9 U-values of block wallsNo.DescriptionTypePower ( kJ/hr )Measure1 private computer with proctor1.440102Artificial lighting fluorescent129.693Table 10 Machines, illuming and computing machines used in the officeOccupancy agenda was estimated during 24 hours 7 yearss a hebdomad.4.2 Description of the cooling-dehumidifier systemSome trial were made utilizing conventional air conditioning system dwelling on fans, heat pump, soaking up hair-raisers and dehumidifier chilling spiral, but high sums of energy usage were found, due to the chilling spiral has to cover with high degrees of humidness and at the same clip accomplish temperature needed. Sometimes by altering the sums of indoor H2O temperature and flow rate of H2O, t he comparative humidness was achieve by 50 % but the supply air temperature was below the criterions.A new system was employ using the theoretical account of a dedicated outdoor air system ( Mumma 2001 ) . An heat content and a reasonable wheel were employed to accomplish 2 points of transportation of energy between supply and exhaust air coming in frontal waies ( see figure 14 ) . On the Enthalpy wheel ( effectivity of 80 per centum ) exchange of reasonable and latent burden energy occurs, by the transportation of heat and humidness between the supply and exhaust air. excogitation 14 organisation of managing air with heat content and reasonable wheel.As mentioned above the system decrease the chilling demand of the chilling spiral, by cut downing the degrees of humidness and temperature before it goes inside the chilling spiral. Cooling spirals was designed to take more the degree of humidness at 13 grades Celsius dew point. After the supply air was treated by the chilling spiral it goes inside a reasonable wheel with 70 per centum effectivity where it temperature goes down at around 20 one degrees Celsius dry bulb by soaking up the hot from the exhaust air. This exhaust air decreases its temperature in the reasonable wheel and when it goes back to the heat content wheel ( see figure 14 ) aid to chill the fresh air coming in to the inside.4.4 Room trick and consequencesOne dissembling was made in November ( see table 11 ) , which is one of the months with highest degrees of humidness due to the start of the rainy season, to mensurate the dry bulb and moisture bulb temperature come ining and traveling out from one constituent to a the following 1. Taking as an mean outside dry bulb temperature of 29 and outside air wet bulb temperature of 24 grades Celsius. Estimating the system would be working for 720 hours and uses 10,000 cfm.Table11 accession temperatures of different constituents of the system.After the system was modeled all twelvemonth to cipher th e sum of energy usage by each constituent of the system ( see table 12 ) .Table 12 Annual energy ingestion by constituent ( 8760 hours ) .The exhaust air is estimated to be 90 per centum of the supply air and the supply air achieved was about 22 grades Celsius and 55 % comparative humidness.By a usage of 8 hours a twenty-four hours Monday to Friday generates a monthly energy usage of 2544 kWh. Panamas mean cost per kWh is.20 cents of Dollar.DecisionDue to the clamor in its building sector in 2008 and its turning economic system, foreign imperativeness started naming Panama as the new Dubai of the Americas. ( the economic expert 2011 ) Although this fast development has shaped Panama s beautiful skyline, it did non accept much green building.Consequently, sustainable edifice design is greatly needed in Panama City, where important energy is consumed by residential and commercial edifices, the bulk of which are air-conditioned 24/7 and use floor-to-ceiling individual glass Window ss.Human comfort is straight related to temperature and humidness degrees. Peoples inside a edifice tend to be more comfy when air is dryer and marginally warmer than when the air is cooler and humid. Increased humidness leads people to take down their thermoregulators because moist air gives the esthesis of a slug ambiance.This thesis showed the tight relationship between temperature and dew point temperature, which must be considered when planing air conditioning systems for hot-humid climes.To better air conditioning systems, applied scientists should consider the factors that affect indoor temperature. In these climes, the big difference between outside air temperatures ( 37AC ) and thermostat-controlled interior temperatures ( 16AC ) -a alteration of 21AC-shapes urban air-conditioning design.Promenades, offices, eating houses and places must use electricity to bridge this spread in temperature, which besides affects the wellness of edifice residents and filtration of incoming air. Changeless alterations in temperature as people go between indoor and out-of-door environments may bring on sweat due to high out-of-door humidness degrees, and may take to respiratory and pneumonic jobs.The difference between interior and outside temperatures critically affects both A/C burden and edifice construction. Although most systems are designed to accomplish higher indoor air force per unit area than a edifice s surrounding environment, escape of out-of-door air into conditioned suites can be greatly affect indoor humidness.Unintended escape is normally due to opening and shutting of Windowss and leaks in the edifice construction, which may take to badly draughty insides. Structure filtration can be reduced through excess attention during the building and usage of such building stuffs as double-glazed Windowss. Air-locks or air-tightness between A/C and non-A/C infinites is a good manner to diminish filtration through doors. Where temperature differences are little, vapor blockers may be utilized in outer walls.Parameters for simulations to happen an optimum system for a peculiar humidness degree and temperature ca nt be found in surveies of the specific metropolis sing energy usage, building stuffs, air conditioning types, and indoor air features by constructing type. A chilled H2O chilling spiral simulated with a dynamic mold tool ( TRNSYS 17 ) achieved coveted indoor criterions for humidness but delivers a degree of temperature below the criterions ( 23AC ) , increasing the energy usage by the chilling spiral so much.After a Dedicated outdoor air system was analyzed with Panama City clime conditions, accomplishing really good degrees of humidness and temperature criterionsIdeally, criterions for high humidness control could be utilize in the Panamanian building and airing codifications, to make consciousness and carrying out of good indoor air quality.LITERATURE REFERENCESASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentalss, Parsons, U.S.A 2011.Brandemuehl &0 38 A Khattar MJ. 2002. Separating the V in HVAC A Dual-Path Approach. ASHRAE diary 202 44 ( 5 ) 37-42.BRIG, GEN and Abbot Henry. Problems of the Panama supply including climatology. The Macmillan company. capital of the United Kingdom.1907Brundrett Geoff, Kittler Reinhold &038 A Harriman Lew Humidity control design usher for commercial and institutional edifices, ASHRAE, U.S.A 2001.Dorsi Chris &038 A Krigger John Residential energy, cost and comfort for bing edifices, Saturn, U.S.A 2004.Gowri K, Jarnagin R &038 A Winiarski D Infiltration patterning guidelines for commercial edifice energy analysis. US section of energy.2009.Harriman Lew The ASHRAE usher for edifices in hot and humid climes 2nd edition, ASHRAE, U.S.A 2009.Harriman LG, Plager D and Kosar DR. Dehumidification and Cooling Loads from Ventilation Air. ASHRAE Journal 39 ( 11 ) 37-45, 1997.Henderson H.I &038 A rudd A Monitored indoor wet and temperature conditions in humid-climate US abodes. ASHRAE minutess 113 ( 1 ) 435-49,2007.Kosar DR. Dehumidification System Enhancements. ASHRAE Journal 48 ( 2 ) 48-58. 2006National secretary of energy. Panama www.energia.gob.paPanama domiciliate of building hypertext transfer communications protocol //www.capac.org/web/Economica/LaInversionenelSectorConstruccion/tabid/104/Default.aspxParker Mattew Panama Fever, doubleday, brisk York 2008.Rosaler Robert &038 A Grimm Nils HVAC systems and constituents enchiridion, McGraw, U.S.A 1997.Sherman, Max Howard. Thesis ( PH.D. ) &8212 University OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, 1980.Simmonds P. Practical applications of radiant warming and chilling to keep comfort conditions. ASHRAE.U.S.A 1996.Simmonds, P. Radiant systems offer users greater comfort control. Energy Users News, vol. 34, March, pp. 34-35.1997The economic expert print edition. July 14th. United states 2011Tomczyk, John Troubleshooting and Servicing youthful Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems. U.S.A 1995.Drew Jane &038 A Fry maxwell Tropical ar chitecture in the dry and humid zones, Batsford Limited London 1964.Wolfgang Lauber, Tropical architecture. Munich 2005.www.panasonic.com.auChristensen Dane, Fang Xia &038 A Winkler John Using energyplus to execute dehumidification anaylisis on edifice United States places, HVAC &038 A R Journal, June 2011.EPA Green Buildings Project. ( 2012 ) Retrieved September 15, 2012. hypertext transfer protocol //www.epa.gov/oaintrnt/projects/Mumma, Stanley Designing dedicated outdoor air system ASHRAE U.S.A 2001.FIGURES REFERENCESFigure 1 economist Intelligent Unit.Figure 2 hypertext transfer protocol //fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PanamaFigure 3 BRIG, GEN and Abbot Henry. Problems of the Panama Canal including climatology. The Macmillan company. London.1907Figure 4 hypertext transfer protocol //esarquitectura.wordpress.com/tag/arquitectura-canalera/Figure 5 Cambefort y Boza designers. hypertext transfer protocol //www.cambefortyboza.com/cyb/Figure 6 HOPSA Panama . hypertext transfer protocol / /www.hopsa.com/Figure 7 www.covintec.comFigure 8 www.covintec.comFigure 9 hypertext transfer protocol //www.insidepma.com/Figure 10 Mumma Stanley Planing a dedicated outdoor air system, ASHRAE Journal 2011.Figure 11 Christensen Dane, Fang Xia &038 A Winkler John Using energyplus to execute dehumidification anaylisis on edifice United States places, HVAC &038 A R Journal, June 2011.Figure 12 hypertext transfer protocol //www.mech.hku.hk/bse/MEBS6006/mebs6006_1112-04.htmFigure 13 Kosar Douglas Integration Advance humidness control to cut down energy usage . University of cardinal Florida 2007.Figure 14 Mumma Stanley Energy Conservation Benefits of a dedicated Outdoor Air System with Parallel Sensible Cooling by Ceiling beaming Panels . ASHRAE Journal 2003.DIAGRAMS REFERENCES diagram 1 CAPAC Panamanian chamber of building. www.capac.orgDiagram 2 CAPAC Panamanian chamber of building. www.capac.orgDiagram 3 Meteonorm SoftwareDiagram 4 Meteonorm SoftwareDiagram 5 Meteonorm SoftwareDia gram 6 Meteonorm Software and Transient simulation plan. TRNSYS 17.Tables MentionsTable 1 CAPAC Panamanian chamber of building. www.capac.orgTable 2 BRIG, GEN and Abbot Henry. Problems of the Panama Canal including climatology. The Macmillan company. London.1907Table 3 Wolfgang Lauber, Tropical architecture. Munich 2005.Table 4 Marelisa Chanis de Pages.Table 5 National depository of energy. www.energia.gob.paTable 6 National Secretary of energy. www.energia.gob.paTable 7 Horstmeyer Steve Relative Humidity, Relative to What? The Dewpoint Temperature a better attack . Ohio, USA 2006Table 8 Transeunt simulation plan. TRNSYS 17.Table 9 Transeunt simulation plan. TRNSYS 17.Table 10 Transeunt simulation plan. TRNSYS 17.Table 11 Transeunt simulation plan. TRNSYS 17 and personal computations.Table 12 Transeunt simulation plan. TRNSYS 17 and personal computations.Declaration of the surmount s ThesisI hereby affirm that the maestro thesis at manus is my ain written work and that I have use d no other beginnings and AIDSs others than those indicated.( Topographic point ) ___________ ( Date ) _________ ( touch ) ___________________

Music Appreciation Text Questions Essay

Please complete the next questions. It is important that you use ripe sentences and present the questions and answers when you submit your add. Submit the endure as a turn on attachment. This means you complete all work in a word processing document (e.g., Microsoft Word) and attach the file using the dropbox tool.Use the Unit 3 Text Questions dropbox basket.The answers to the Review & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Critical Thinking questions are worth 10 points.Review Questions1. What is the Hurrian vocal? Why is it important?The Hurrian Song is a collection of medical specialty incised on cuneiform on clay tablets. Its important because it is one of the first times Hymns were written down.2. What is the Natya Shastra? Why is it important? Natya Shastra is a writing on the performing arts, dancing, and stage performance. This is important because it gives quite a detailed cultivation on the lineaments of instruments that was used at the time and was popular.3. Who were tro ubadours? What was their music like?Troubadours were travel poet musicians who traveled from place to place singing and performing for the nobility. The songs that were sang were in general monophic and they often accompanied themselves with an instrument like a lyre or raze a drum.4. What are systems? Describe at least one type of mode. Modes were used before the modern day scales. One Kind of mode is Ionian.5. What is polyphonic music? How does it differ from monophonic music?Polyphonic medicament uses two or more independent melodies. It differs from monophic music because monophic music was reign in proterozoic middle ages.Critical Thinking Questions1. Why did early humans develop music? What are some of the ways that they were perspective to create music?Early Humans developed music because they cute to express themselves. One way they were thought to create music was by listening to natural sounds and repeating them. 2. Why is the study of prehistoric and old-fashion ed music important? What can we chance upon from it?The study of prehistoric/ antediluvian patriarch music is important because you can see how music started and how it advanced. We can learn how they lived back then from it. 3. What roles did music play in the life of prehistoric and ancient people? Are the roles similar to or different from the roles that it plays at present?Are the roles similar to or different from the roles that it plays today? The role music played was entertainment and Religious support. The roles are similar today its exclusively more diverse.Discussion QuestionsPlease post questions and answers on the UNIT collar discussion boards. Unless otherwise instructed, you should submit at least one full paragraph for each question. Each discussion assignment is worth 5 points.

Precarious Condition of Primary Education Essay

The status of the primary education given in the ZP take up disciplines of the backward districts of Dhule & group A Nandurbar is a big mess & axerophthol the administrators of two the Zilla Parishads are seem to be at their wits end because of the overbearing teachers, & negligent supply. The trouble is doubled recently because of the increase chip of d leankard teachers who hardly dish up the school & whenever they turn up they come up in dead rum state. There imbibe been incidences where the frustrated villagers have locked up the school after seeing that the deputed teachers foundert attend the school for weeks, & if at all they attend the school turn by turn.The headmasters, the teachers & the staff of the schools are get through in gloves in the conspiracy of absence from the school & whenever the governmental science pay a surprise visit they try to cover up the matter. The CEO of Dhule ZP, Deependrasingh Kushwah last week suspended the headmasters of two schools & issued extract cause notices to the staff teachers of two schools on ac aim of the serious discrepancies in the number of students dubiously enrolled & the actual number of the students in these schools.many schools in the mountain area of these districts are single teacher schools because the staff appointed never sticks the duty & if at all join it is only on the paper. The teachers use their policy-making connections & also brand the palms of the responsible officers to cancel their transfers to unwanted places in the hilly terrains of Shirpur, Dhadgaon, Taloda, Akkalkuwa, Shahada Tehsils of Dhule & Nandurbar districts.The direct of the education & the training of the teachers amongst the ZP run schools is another problem & one doubts if the teachers have really complied the eligibility criterion for the appointment as a teacher. Sometime back when he was a CEO of ZP Dhule, Purushottam Bhapkar inspected some of the ZP run schools & w as surprised to see that the teachers could not spell the simple pronounce Week, they could not write correctly the spellings of the weekdays, many could not count beyond 100 & were unable to remember the tables beyond 10.The increasing number of alcohol addicted teachers in ZP school is another peril in these schools these days & in a recent Nandurbar ZP run into the sitting rest committee member & Nandurbar District BJP president Nagesh Padwi raised this serious issue & appealed the administration & the standing committee chairman Jipalsingh Rawal to take serious action against the teachers found drunk in the school.Such is the peril of the incidences of drunken teachers attending the school that the call for of keeping alcohol test kit in ZP schools is tabled in this shock by the members. Nandurbar ZP has decided to go for Dress Code for the teachers in ZP school so that the misbehaving teacher could be noticed.There is a demand from the villagers & the p arents of the students where these schools are, to keep a biometric instrument which will keep the record of the attendance of the teachers & staff so that the defaulters could be brought to books. The members of the standing committee also pointed out in this meeting that there are many schools ladder in the district only on paper & the governance also have a record of such schools but because of the political influence, interference no action is taken on the teachers & the staff involved.The members of ZP, the administration claim that it is the teachers & staff of the school having the backing from the political leaders of the districts, is responsible for the rack & ruin of the education in these schools. Overall the situation of the primary education & the ambitious Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan plot of the government in ZP run schools of Dhule & Nandurbar Districts is really a weltering one. -

Culture of New Zealand

British and European Custom interwoven with Maori and Polynesian custom. Maori tradition dominated the beginning of charitable existence in New Zealand and has stayed around even as the finishing modernized. Maori established separate tribes, hunted and fished, traded commodities, developed agriculture, arts and weaponry, and kept a detailed oral history. Regular European contact began approximately cc years ago, and British immigration proceeded rapidly during the nineteenth century.Colonists affected the Maori tradition by introducing religion, technology, and the English language. European New Zealanders, despite beingness furthest from Europe, kept strong ties to the mother land. These ties were weakened by the demise of the British empire and their loss of special access to British meat and dairy farm markets. More recently, New Zealand culture has been broadened by globalization and immigration from the peace-loving Islands, East Asia, and South Asia. European and Maori remain the two largest ethnicitiesMaori and Kiwi spoken language has evolved to two major languages, Maori and English. The two deport influenced each other Maori fashion Maori are friendly and place great value on cordial reception They are easy to get to cho drug abuse and will say howdy to strangers. They often break into speech or song and even if they tangle witht know each other they may close conversations with a song. Maori will know the same songs so they are able to ripple together even if they just met. New Zealands indigenous throng (Maori) have tattoos covering their face.This art stands for warriors. Some New Zealanders are remedy representing these tattoos today. Kiwi demeanor . New Zealanders are friendly, outgoing, somewhat reserved ab initio yet polite, and enjoy extending hospitality. . They are quite easy to get to know as they say hello to strangers and will offer assistance without being asked. . Because they do not stand on ceremony and are egalita rian, they head for the hills to a scratch name basis quickly and shun the use of titles. Kiwis dress casual. There are no dress codes in restaurants. tied(p) business men may take off suit jackets and flip over up shirt sleeves. Modern New Zealanders live very nonchalantly and laid-back. Environmentalism Kiwis are passing concerned with the environs and keeping their counties beauty. One of the major local issues is importing of predators. Boarder controls are very tight and at that place are huge fines for importing food or other inborn products such as wood, butt jointe, etc. The local attitude about the environs comes from the indigenous people, the Maori. . They believe that all things have a mauri a heart force. Damage to this life force, or human attempts to dominate it, result in the mauri losing its energy and vitality, which affects the lives of people as well as the resilience of ecosystems. . Maintaining the mauri of the environment and ecosystem resilience ar e equally important for sustainable development egalitarianism New Zealand has no formal class system. They take pride in individual achievement and wealth and power are not extremely important. As a welfare state unemployment and health benefits are accessible to those who cannot afford it.New Zealanders believe that everyone is equal regardless of race or social status. Etiquette Traditional Maori greetings consist of a handshake and they often middleman their faces to each other. Kiwi meetings are casual and move quickly to first names. Greetings consist of a handshake and a smile New Zealanders can be somewhat reserved with people they do not know. rugby is the largest sport in New Zealand. The Kiwi (New Zealanders) are very private-enterprise(a) when it comes to rugby. The All Blacks are a favorite Rugby team. The all blacks have won 75% of games since 1903.

Work Measurement

The purpose of litigate measure is to turn back the time it ought to take to do a job. The problem is in the definition of ought to. progress to measurement psychoanalyst define this as the time it should take an experienced and well-trained operator to finish the job in a specific and well-defined method at a speed that mountain be maintained all sidereal day, day after day, without undue fatigue.This time, called trite time, can be divided into somewhat(prenominal) parts the actual elements used to perform the job the rating ingredient used to determine the normal pace of these elements (the method used to determine the ought to time) and an allowance for personal time, unavoidable delays, and slowing due to fatigue. There atomic number 18 four main systems of prune measurement. First, and most used, is time landing field, specifically, fit-watch time study. operation picture and video cameras, computers, and various proceeds timing devices can overly be used in t he place of, and in conjunction with, the stop watch. The second system, work sampling, is a statistical procedure for measuring work and requires an understanding of the techniques of statistics and probability. The third system, predetermined time systems (PDT), uses sets of tables of basic motions that have already been normalized by experts. Thus, PDT systems do not require the analyst to rate or level the measurement.Finally, there is the standard data system of work measurement which, strictly speaking, is not a measurement technique at all. hither similar elements made up of similar groups of motions from the other measurement systems are tabled and then reused as needed for subsequent products and standards. USES OF WORK MEASUREMENT Work measurement is used to determine standards against which comparisons can be made for a variety of purposes.1. Wage incentives. If workers are to be paid in union with the amount of work accomplished rather than the amount of time expended ( hourly), some means of determining an acceptable, or fair, amount of work is needed. The payment for work accomplished could be based on sales price and profits, that a fairer method is to establish a standard and pay in accordance to that standard. 2. Schedules. In order to schedule work effectively and postponement things running smoothly and orderly, a knowledge of expected working quantify is an absolute necessity. Budgets. Budgets provide needed control over funds. One of their more than important inputs is operating cost. Standards provide the expected operating times from which these costs are computed.4. Labor cost control. Labor cost is usually a very significant percentage of the total manufacturing cost (normally from 10 to 40 percent). To control these costs, the actual costs must be compared to a standard and any deviation corrected, especially if the actual is greater than the standard. . Downtime studies. Properly real standards include reasonable allowances (ext ra time) for personal time, unavoidable delays, and fatigue. Both time study and work sampling can be used to determine these allowances. They can also be used on a continuing soil (daily or weekly) to measure actual downtime and personal time when definitive production records are not kept and standards are not used.

Waste Treatment

This PwC introduce documents the key proceedings during the seminar It is for internal usage of iNDEXTb and other administration of Gujarat agencies and departments scarce. July 2012 en magnanimous Report integrated boast perplexity emergent Trends, Ch in exclusivelyenges and way out front Seminar on integrate drive away pointing Challenges and mode Forward display panel of Contents 1. heavyset and Way Forward .. 2. inaugural address plenary . 4 2. 1 Welcome breed and Introductory Remarks 5 2. 2 Address .. 2. 3 Key business line Address . 6 2. 4 foremost Address by Guest of Honour .. 6 2. 5 Inaugural Address by Chief Guest 2. 6 Concluding Remarks 7 3. Technical Plenary I Sustainable drift caution .. 8 numerate of Speakers . 8 3. Introductory Remarks by seance electric chair .. 8 3. 2 permissive deplete matter worry. 8 3. 3 Handling emerging forsake Streams E- swash and unsafe looseness counsel 9 3. 4 drive for Mixed Technologies in Waste Di sposal Focus on Waste to Energy .. 3. 5 Closing Remarks by Session Chairman . 10 4. Panel Discussion From Door to Dump . 11 List of Speakers 1 5. Technical Plenary II Harnessing Waste for Wealth.. 14 List of Speakers 14 5. 1 Introductory Remarks by Session Chairman . 14 5. Presentation by Surat municipal kitty .. 14 5. 3 Facilitating earthly concern Private Partnerships in Waste anxiety . 15 5. 4 exist Economics How to create a revenue molding 15 5. 5 Towards null Waste Exploring the Systems Approach .. 6 6. Closing Remarks. . 17 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management emerge Trends, Challenges and Way Forward Seminar on Integrated Waste Management Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way A degree 1. Summary and Way Forward The following table summarizes the key parameters of the Seminar Parameter outside(a) Speakers Domestic Speakers Total Participants Total Number 2 17 350+The Way Forward crossways different dimensions as suggested by the speakers and participants are men ti peerlessd downstairs Integrated drive away instruction concept should heighten on pine reduction a long with recycle and reprocess. This can be done by raising sensory faculty towards generation of liquidate. Cities doing better in the fields of urban schooling including emaciate precaution should start overlap their culture and capture with littler towns and cities. This can as tumefy be despatchd by PEARL opening under JnNURM.Source- base requisition compulsions to be encourage through consciousness drives among citizens and other consumers of xerox product attention serve. This would similarly require competent line of battle mechanisms and vehicles which can transport segregated unwarranteds. judicature ask to crusade espousal of new technologies and processes for squander discourse suitable for the heterogeneous nature of Indian chase away. Waste to null dissolvers for Indian fantastic are possible scorn lower calorific value and the very(prenominal) fate to be encouraged through betrothal of emerging technologies a handle gasification, concord blue tower, co touch among others.Vi index of risky-to-energy solutions and other callment governing / cycle facilities can be boosted by clubbing smaller municipalities which do non cook the fiscal wherewithal so that a common facility can be created and partaked. legato bumble worry requires better accumulation efficiency which calls for toilet engagement and other braveing floor especially in smaller towns and cities. in that location is guide for construct more bio-medical and electronic bluster treatment facilities. two these categories of hazardous go off are chop-chop emerging negate streams which desire dedicated facilities for disposal and treatment.Private firmament participation in prodigality direction needs to be bolstered further which calls for ripening of suitable framework, capametropolis building of urban local Bodies a nd proper sharing of risk between the earth and private firmament. Private participation in the sector in like manner needs to be facilitated through fundament of a market for recyclables, raising sensory faculty among citizens to incr tranquilize willingness to pay and transparent pricing for levying user charges on with electric charge systems on the lines of electri urban center and water bills for ball up perplexity aids.Zero waste scenario is possible a paradigm gear in waste circumspection activities that is required. PwC page 3 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 2. Inaugural Plenary The Seminar on Integrated Waste Management Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead was held in Surat at recognition Centre on 06 July 2012. Gujarat which is at beat one of the fastest urbanizing separates in the estate is in any case a strong industrial and sparing hub.Unprecedented growth in its cities and urban sprawl are making adoption of new ideas in urban maturation sector inevitable. Waste worry is a detailed area and it requires special efforts to plan and manage the spiralling waste generation that is winning place, given the complex issues videlicet new emerging waste streams, environmental challenges of waste discourse and treatment among others.Towards this end, a 1-day seminar on integrated waste forethought was organized to brainstorm on emerging ideas, technologies, and systems in waste collection, treatment, disposal and convalescence. The seminar was held at Surat, a model metropolis for waste management processes in not safe Gujarat but the entire country. The Inaugural school circumstance began by lighting of the lamp by the honourable dignitaries gracing the event. These dignitaries acknowledged Name Shri Ranjitbhai Gilitwala Shri Narottambhai Patel Dr. M Ramachandran, IAS Mr. I P Gautam, IAS Mr. S J Haider, IAS Mr. M K rock rabbit, IAS Mr.Piyush Shah brass Gover nment of Gujarat Government of Gujarat Ministry of urban reading, Government of India Urban Development and Urban housing department, Government of Gujarat Gujarat Urban Development Company Surat Municipal potty Confederation of Indian Industry designation Honourable see of arouse Cottage industries, Salt Industries, Printing and stationery, Planning and Transport Honourable Minister Panchayat, Rural housing and Rural Development, Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs Former writing table wizard Secretary Managing handler Commissioner Chairman, CII Gujarat narrate Council PwC rogue 4 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 2. 1 Welcome Address and Introductory Remarks Mr. M K Das, IAS, Commissioner, Surat Municipal potty (SMC) delivered the opening address by greeting and extending a warm encounter to all esteemed dignitaries and august audience to the 1-day event organized at Surat, as a run up to the Vibrant Gujarat 20 13 Summit. Mr. Das state that the pace of urbanization was posing multiple challenges to urban local bodies including development of physical and social infrastructure which not only meets current strike but as well sustains future growth.One of the biggest challenges is training of a healthy and denude environment to the citizens and in this context, scientific management of waste becomes very important. He express that the seminar was a good platform for k without delayledge sharing and he hoped that it would provide useful insights into the current and future trends in the sector. Introducing the metropolis of Surat, Mr. Das verbalize that Surat is among the fastest growing cities in the country. It is the 2nd largest city of Gujarat and 9th largest city in India with a population of 4. 5 million and an area afford of 320 sq km.Large scale presence of industries especially the textile and diamond industry has contributed a lot to this growth. Greater latent of employment and options for better livelihood has attracted a large influx of migrants. This enormous growth has simultaneously tested the waste management processes in the city with around 1,200-1,400 metric tonnes of solid waste and 700 million litres of liquid waste being produced in the city per day. It is and then a big challenge for SMC to arrest utile systems and processes for collection and disposal of municipal waste. Government of Gujarat, Mr.Das state, has been progressive with a futuristic outlook and todays seminar is a part of its proactive initiatives to bring out modernistic and practical solutions in the field of waste management. This seminar aims at coordination of waste management efforts crossways the country and plans to provide a platform for sharing breeding related to motley initiatives and programs. Mr. Das cerebrate by expressing hope that ideas gived in this seminar will act as a catalyst for further development of the waste management sector and provide cl ear action points for providing a clean, green and healthy environment for the spate. . 2 Address headliner Secretary, Urban Development and Urban Housing department, Government of Gujarat opened his peak by introducing to the audience the Vibrant Gujarat Summit 2013 and the seminars organized by the Urban Development and Urban Housing department as a run up to the main event in January 2013. He said that the venue for Seminar on Integrated waste management was carefulnessfully chosen as Surat because of the small work being done by Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) and the seminar would therefrom offer an opportunity to delegates and other urban local bodies to incorporate learning from work done in this city.Underscoring the importance of change required in waste management sector, Mr. Gautam said that it was necessary to discard age one snip(a) ideas and adopt emerging technologies and systems which countries and leading cities around the world are practising. Mr. Gautam also briefed the audience well-nigh the inception of Gujarat Urban Development Company in 2001 for reconstruction of earthquake affected towns and its expansion later as a nodal agency for the urban development department providing coordination and financing to all 159 municipalities across several(a) areas of urban development.He ended his note inviting all the experts present to share their ideas and experiences and hold back the seminar fruitful. PwC Page 5 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 2. 3 Key Note Address Dr. M Ramachandran, IAS, Former Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India opened his note by congratulating Surat City for featuring 4th in the list of fastest developing cities. He pointed out that various models in the area of waste management emanating out of Suart could be practised cross the country.He said that with more than 2 lakh MT of waste produced everyday by more or less 8,000 towns and cities in the county, it has become imperative to handle waste in an in effect(p) trend so that cities remain clean and wastes can be re-cycled and re-used in the stovepipe possible manner. He also highlighted the change of composition in waste produced in India. He said that over the last 10 years, pliable waste has increased 10-fold whereas paper waste has gone up to just 2 times so we need to choose waste handling engineering with these changes in consideration. Dr.Ramachandran stressed upon the need for 0verall waste management indemnity at the state level so that cities seduce clear guidelines for waste management. He also insisted that overall waste management policy should have guidelines for waste handling, resources allocation and should clearly define roles and responsibility of various bodies like pollution board and local bodies wh0 are involved in waste management. He said that creating awareness among masses for waste reduction is as important and urged el ectoral representatives to prioritize this factor of 3R.He also said that creating awareness cannot be left to local bodies as every citizen should be do aware of ways to reduce waste and different eco-friendly ways of doing things. Dr. M Ramachandran pointed out that we have various service level benchmarks and guinea pig sanitisation Policy and it is important to timely implement these policies so that in a comprehensive manner, fundamentals of solid waste management can be addressed. He concluded by saying that we need to quantify actions at the city level so that changes can be achieved with long term perspective. 2. 4 Inaugural Address by Guest of HonourHonble Minister of State for Cottage Industries, Salt Industries, Printing and Stationery, Planning and Transport, Mr. Ranjitbhai Gilitwala was the Guest of Honour. In his address, he congratulated Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) for organizing this important seminar on Integrated Waste Management and also appreciated the l audable work done by SMC. subsequently the chevvy epidemic that gripped the city in 1994, awe-inspiring work was undertaken to make the city clean and green by SMC. Today, Surat has emerged as one of the surpass cities to live and work and offers quality lifestyle, said Mr.Gilitwala. Honble subgenus Pastor also said that waste treatment and recycling should not alone be the accent and called for efforts from people to reduce the generation of waste. Reducing generation can go a long way in addressing sustainability concerns, along with recycling and reuse of the waste generated. Government of Gujarat under the visionary leadership of Honble Chief Minister, Shri Narendra Modi aimed to focus on environmental issues and seminars such as these were an important platform for sharing of ideas and knowledge coaction. PwC Page 6 of 18Seminar on Integrated Waste Management Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 2. 5 Inaugural Address by Chief Guest Honble Minister of Panchayat, Rura l Housing, Rural Development, Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs, Government of Gujarat Sheri Narrottambhai Patel was the chief guest. In his inaugural address, he lauded the efforts of Surat Municipal Corporation and people of Surat City in significantly transforming Surat from a plague-ridden city to one of the cleanest city in India. Honble minister said that effective waste management is implicit in(p) to overall development of Gujarat.He also said that with 158 municipalities and 8 municipal dopes in the state, there is need for continuous learning from mutual best practices. Honble minister reinforced the commitment of regime towards waste management and also said that Government of Gujarat wants to develop all its cities in the line of Surat in the waste management area. 2. 6 Concluding Remarks Mr. Piyush Shah, Chairman, CII State Council, Gujarat and Managing Director Hitachi HiRel Power Electronics Pvt Ltd, concluded the session by thanking all speakers and dignit aries for sharing their knowledge and sparing time for attending the event.Mr. Shah lauded the efforts being undertaken by Government of Gujarat to promote information sharing and brainstorming on the important issue of waste management having gigantic spread ramifications for the development of our cities. PwC Page 7 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 3. Technical Plenary I Sustainable Waste Management List of Speakers Name Dr. M Ramachandran, IAS Prof. Chetan Vaidya Dr. A N Vaidya Dr.Juergen Porst administration Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India National lend of Urban Affairs National environmental Engineering seek prove (CSIR NEERI) Bavarian Waste tie-up Incinerators Designation Former Secretary Director Senior Principal Scientist and Head Solid Waste Management sectionalisation Senior Advisor, GIZ (IndoGerman Bilateral Agency) 3. 1 Introductory Remarks by Session Chairman Dr. M Ramachandran, Former Secr etary, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India opened the session by introducing the speakers and setting the context for the watchword.He urged speakers to talk well-nigh new models, ideas and ways to hightail it towards better waste management in our cities and deliberate on the challenges facing waste management sector in India. 3. 2 Waste Management Prof. Chetan Vaidya, Director, National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) talked approximately the trends in the waste management sector. Municipal Solid Waste Management rules in India were organise in the year 2000 and there was a need to relook at those since there had been several(prenominal)(prenominal) challenges in implementing them. state-supported private partnership models have also been facing issues of absence seizure of user charges, labor rationalization etc.Quoting an NIUA report, Prof. Vaidya highlighted that waste management is essentially an operation and maintenance issue and steps were needed to develop the sector keeping in view this important perspective. Integrated waste management is the need of the hour and Kanpur city in the northern state of India, Uttar Pradesh presented a good example of outsourcing end to end solutions in the waste management sector. Surat in Gujarat too with a combination of operators providing different services presented an alternate example of effective waste management solutions. Dr.Vaidya also utter about PEARL (Peer Experience and Reflective Learning) initiative under JnNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission), the ambitious program of Government of India, being an effective source of promoting knowledge sharing among cities so that learning emerging from urban centres can be shared across the country for wider arrive ats. There was a need felt to raise awareness about PEARL across cities in India which was being done by NIUA through its various efforts and initiatives. PwC Page 8 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead . 3 Handling Emerging Waste Streams E-Waste and Hazardous Waste Management Emerging waste streams in India like biomedical and electronic waste need technologically superior solutions to handle them, said Dr. A N Vaidya, Scientist at the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI). Dr. Vaidya started his note by highlighting the changing composition of pollution, both(prenominal) air and water in the country over last fewer decades. The composition of waste generated had also changed and reflected new types of pollutants and this had do new climb up in waste sector inevitable.The new approach had shifted to management of waste from treatment only perspective and cleaner technologies along with go treatment, equipments etc were now available. The major(ip) challenge in managing hazardous composites of waste streams is the heterogeneous nature of waste generated and dealing with this requires that waste minimization str ategies remain at the fondness of our approach. This included both reduction at source as well as recycling and extracting as much(prenominal) as possible. Dr.Vaidya, apprised the audience of the advanced treatment processes which are available in the market today viz. membrane based processes, advanced oxidation processes among others. He also talked about ways for selection of an appropriate treatment process based on composition of waste and elaborated on how various processes worked. Remediation methods that could go a long way in preventing damage to environment and living conditions include regular assessment of contamination levels and selection of the right treatment process along with other initiatives.To conclude, Dr. Vaidya underlined that waste management is a high-octane sector with changing composition of wastes and there is a need to rapidly adopt newer and better technologies and treatment processes. 3. 4 Need for Mixed Technologies in Waste Disposal Focus on Was te to Energy Dr. Juergen Porst has been working(a) for over three decades in the waste management sector. He is shortly working for GIZ German International Cooperation, Government of Bavaria and several state governments in India along with over 26 countries across the world. Dr. Porst talking about waste o energy trends briefed the audience about the waste management sector in Germany and the strategy that European countries had adopted which had led to them excelling in the sector. European strategy of following a hierarchic approach through prevention, reuse, recycling, recovery and disposal had led to excellent results. The heating values in highly-developed economies were higher while the nature of Indian waste resulted in it having a low value. However, Dr. Porst stated that this was slowly changing and calorific value of Indian waste was also on the rise.The options available for non-recyclable waste management more often than not included mechanical-biological processes a nd thermal treatment processes. Land filling however prove to be a more expensive decision over the chronic run due to the high cost of operations and after care costs. Dr. Porst also busted several myths surrounding waste incineration techniques like it not being eco-friendly and being expensive than mechanicalbiological treatment (MBT). He underscored that waste recycling and waste to energy did not conflict they in fact complemented from each one other.Dr Porst, presented several products where energy produced from waste could be used for marketable products and recompense that could accrue. Waste to energy conversion methods were also environmental friendly and facilitate efficient climate protection due to their far less emissions than equivalent weight landfill sites. Coincineration also provided for carbon credit benefits though the reliability over long term remained low. PwC Page 9 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way AheadEn abling waste to energy based projects called for causative conditions to be created in terms of legal frameworks, market conditions prevalent and generating well-heeled populace opinion and acceptance among masses. 3. 5 Closing Remarks by Session Chairman The technical plenary on Sustainable waste management was concluded by the session chairman, Dr. M Ramachandran who thanked the speakers for their valuable inputs and ideas. PwC Page 10 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 4.Panel Discussion From Door to Dump A panel discussion was held on the topic of From Door to Dump Issues and way forward in requisition, collection, transportation, treatment and disposal. The panel which consisted of eminent panellists expressed their views and concerns and proposed solutions to move windy towards end to end solutions for the waste management sector effective to beleaguer challenges across the value chain. List of Speakers Name Mr. I P Gau tam, IAS Mr. N M Tabhani Prof. Dinesh Mehta Dr. Amiya Kumar Sahu Mr. Arun Gor Mr.Debashish Tripathy Organization Urban Development and Urban Housing Department, Government of Gujarat Gujarat Pollution Control Board Centre for Environmental Planning and engineering National Solid Waste Association of India All India Institute of topical anesthetic Self Government, Mumbai IL &038 FS Environmental Infrastructure and serve Ltd Designation Principal Secretary Sr. Environmental Engineer Professor Emeritus death chair Vice President PwC Page 11 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead ? Mr.I P Gautam, IAS, Principal Secretary, Urban Development and Urban Housing Department, Government of Gujarat Opening the session, Mr. Gautam welcomed all the esteemed speakers on the dias. On the topic From Door to Dump, he said the topic was very aptly termed as an effective management of waste calls for working across all activities of the process. Mr. Ga utam said that one of the potential ways of overcoming issues in the waste management sector was to facilitate almost form of clubbing of municipalities so that economies of scale could be leveraged where in municipalities benefit from common land could fill sites and treatment plants.Doing this would also help smaller municipalities who due to lesser generation of waste currently find investing in treatment and processing activities unfeasible. He stated that though creation of scientific landfills was easy, it was often the operation and maintenance of these landfills which was a concern. Concluding his remarks, Mr. Gautam lauded the efforts of Surat Municipal Corporation in the city he also requested for support from the people in sustaining these initiatives and making them fruitful. Mr. N M Tabhani, Sr. Environmental Engineer Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) On behalf of GPCB, Mr.Tabhani spoke about the challenges in waste processing and newer ways of handling waste fo r all round benefits. Mr. Tabhani talked about Co-processing as an effective way of handling waste from industrial processes while recovering energy and material value from them which in turn could be supplied to energy intensive industries like cement product units. Use of cement kilns also offers large scale benefits over traditionalistic hazardous waste incinerators due to high temperatures, long residence time and oxidizing conditions present leading to reduction in emissions.While there are several others methods of processing waste for energy to meet treatment challenges, a explicit advantage that co-processing offers in handling heterogeneous Indian waste is its ability to process plastic and non recyclables from composting plants as well. However, there are certain materials like leather, iron, stones, x-ray films etc which should not be sent for processing and municipalities must ensure proper segregation. Prof. Dinesh Mehta, Professor Emeritus, Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology Prof.Mehta in his note threw light on the major issues facing waste management sector in India and Gujarat. After giving an overview of the waste characteristics in the state of Gujarat, he underlined that though waste collection efficiency was high in its cities, the extent of segregation and recovery dummy up called for more efforts, especially in towns and smaller urban centres. Scientific disposal of waste needed focus even in larger cities having municipal corporations. Financial sustainability also remain an area which needed attention due to low recovery of costs. asunder from these, Prof.Mehta also highlighted other issues where work was required like focus on collection of liquid waste with non-sewered liquid waste content still remaining substantial in smaller urban centres. Bio medical and e-waste collection was yet another emerging area where there was a need to have more treatment facilities for these. Dr. Amiya Kumar Sahu, President, National Solid Waste Association National Solid Waste Association of India (NSWAI) is the only leading skipper non-profit organization in the field of Solid Waste Management including nephrotoxic and Hazardous Waste and also Biomedical Waste in India.Speaking on the challenges and way forward in the area of solid waste management, Dr. Sahu started his presentment by giving an overview of current scenario of waste management in India and also pointed out the changing composition of waste produced in India. He suggested several way forward including segregation of waste streams at the household level, provision of suitable and different transport vehicles as per demands of the nature of waste generated locally, stimulating market for recyclables. Dr.Sahu said that Government should incentivize private sector participation and promote new concepts like waste to energy through renewable energy certificates. He stressed upon the need of bringing in appropriate government policy initiatives f or the same. ? ? ? PwC Page 12 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead ? Mr. Arun Gor, All India Institute of Local Self Government, Mumbai Mr. Gor started his creation by giving an overview of types of waste and various laws pertaining to waste management. He pointed out that till date we dont have any separate law dealing with e-waste.He then spoke about principal areas of management and handling of municipal solid waste. Mr. Gour highlighted the importance of segregation at source and how this can help in achieving more recycling of waste. He said that real problem is selection of appropriate engine room depending upon waste generation and availability of land and further suggested that large ULBs with waste generation above 300 T/day should have modify plants with priority of generating Organic Fertilizer from Bio-Waste Waste to Energy Options are suitable for those generating 1,000T/ day and above.He concluded by saying that are as like segregation at source, storage, collection, transport, recycling, processing and final disposal requires coordinated action and policy changes so that issues of Municipal Waste Management can be addressed. ? Mr. Debashish Tripathy, Vice President, IL&038FS Environmental Infrastructure and Services Ltd IL&038FS Environmental Infrastructure and Services Ltd (IEISL) is one of the leaders in the waste management sector in India which has adopted an integrated approach in the sector and offers services from collection, processing to energy conversion.Speaking on the challenges encountered in the waste management sector, Mr. Tripathi underlined issues facing the much needed macrocosm private partnership models. He mentioned that budgetary allocations of municipal authorities was often not sufficient and also that a major cost was incurred on collection and transportation while not abounding was being spent on treatment and energy conversion. Development of institutional and fina ncial capability in the municipalities was also required as was the need to carve out viable business models for private sector involvement.The absence of willingness to pay among the citizens was a major hurdle and Mr. Tripathi suggested that it was necessary to start charging citizens for waste management services and billing systems on the lines of electricity and water bills were required. He also recommended profileration of education and benefits of segregation and waste disposal among children so that awareness seeps in the society. Carbon financing advances and post financing were other options that need to be looked at. PwC Page 13 of 18Seminar on Integrated Waste Management Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 5. Technical Plenary II Harnessing Waste for Wealth List of Speakers Name Shri M K Das, IAS Ms. Caroline Twigg Mr. Rahul Bedmutha Mr. Prayas Goel Organization Surat Municipal Corporation World Business Council Sustainable Development for Designation Municipal C ommissioner India Coordinator Associate Director Managing Director CRISIL, Risk and Infrastructure Solutions Rochem India Pvt Ltd 5. 1 Introductory Remarks by Session ChairmanShri M K Das, IAS, Commissioner, Surat Municipal Corporation opened the session by welcoming all the speakers and highlighting that in the emerging scenario waste is becoming a sector where ample economic opportunities exist and effective waste management called for tapping these opportunities for creating a win-win situation for all. 5. 2 Presentation by Surat Municipal Corporation Surat Municipal Corporation, the hosts of the event made a brief presentation introducing to the audience the city and its glorious development over the last few decades.In the presentation made on sewerage management function of the corporation, several systems, functions and initiatives were highlighted which have made the city one of the leading urban centres in waste management sector across India. The current status of the sewe rage and waste management in the city and key achievements were also highlighted. Apart from clearly defined functions at head quarter and zonal level, the corporation had focussed on adopting latest technologies by leveraging funds legitimate under JnNURM.Carbon credit mechanism is also being tapped and it is estimated that the corporation from its 3 sewerage gas based plants would generate more than 0. 5 lakh of CER (Carbon Emission Reduction). Technology adoption had also penetrated data monitoring and fudge in the sewerage plants. The corporation is now focussing on development of tertiary treatment plants to ease the pressure on drinking water resources.Solid waste management activities which received a major thrust by the corporation after the plague epidemic in the city in the 1990s had undergone a sea change with several initiatives being taken like concept of naught garbage on roads, privatisation of municipal solid waste (MSW) related activities, infrastructure developm ent for disposal among others. An overhaul and modernisation of the refuse transfer move has been carried out resulting into reduction in odour and no storage of MSW. denary technologies for waste processing have been adopted which are preceded by segregation of the heterogeneous waste that is collected.Several sustainability initiatives have also been carried out in the city in the form of centralized biomedical waste collection, treatment and disposal, effective management of hotel and kitchen waste along with innovative schemes like Anudan Scheme for urban dwellers and adoption of improvised equipments and provisions for its citizens. Private sector participation has been a PwC Page 14 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead key strategy and several projects are still available in the pipeline where private sector collaboration can be successful. . 3 Facilitating Public Private Partnerships in Waste Management Ms. Caroline Twigg, I ndia Coordinator of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) introduced to the audience the organization which has over 200 companies spanning more than 22 sectors across 35 countries as its members and works towards thought leadership for business role in sustainability concerns. Under the Urban Infrastructure initiative, the organization has been working across the fatten out functional chain from design and planning, building, financing and operations.Briefing the audience on Public Private Partnerships (uvulopalatopharyngoplastys), Ms. Twigg defined uvulopalatopharyngoplastys as a transformational form of procurement where government could create new ways of delivering services. She gave a brief description of the various PPP models which comprised different levels of participation from the private sector like service rivets, lease, annuity, BOOT (Build, Own, Operate and Transfer) and divesture among others. She also delineated benefits and challenges for both the parties in PPP model Government and private sector.Ms. Twigg also talked about the waste management hierarchy which spanned from reducing usage, reuse, recycle, co processing, incineration to land filling and presented a few case studies including those from waste to fuel and waste water sectors underscoring the success of PPP based projects in these sectors. In Asia Pacific, however, Ms. Twigg noted that though there had been a boom in PPPs in this region, it still called for better oversight from public sector agencies and a stronger political will to make the models work.There is a tremendous scope for private sector participation in waste sector in India where only 8-9% of the total waste is currently being dispose off scientifically. Gulbarga, Hubli, Haldia were a few urban centres which presented successful PPP model projects. Management contracts, lease and BOOT models were emerging as the more commonplace ones. She highlighted that the success factors needed for development of PPPs were a strong will, robust institutional frameworks, well structured projects, a clear understanding of strengths and limitations of each political party and an bjective, transparent tariff fixing procedure among several others. Ms. Twigg concluded her presentation by talking about Urban Infrastructure Initiative of WBCSD and the support available for various sources including Government of India portals etc for leveraging and development of PPPs in India. 5. 4 Cost Economics How to create a revenue model An overview of contract structures in Waste management sector along with revenue collection models was presented by Mr. Rahul Bedmutha, Associate Director, CRISIL Risk and Infrastructure Advisory.Mr. Bedmutha started of his note by talking about the status of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in India and the rising trends in waste generation being witnessed in the sector. He highlighted that though waste collection was reasonable at 70-80% in large citi es it was abysmally low in smaller cities, often below 50%. An estimated Rs. 49,000 crore is required to plug the gaps existing the sector over the next 20 years. Currently, processing and disposal as well as integrated projects were see growing investments. PwC Page 15 of 18Seminar on Integrated Waste Management Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead Funding in MSWM projects has progressed from being funded by external agencies to local city governments and further now from service providers. A viable model for funding that has emerged now is based on bully investment from service provider and recovery through tipping fee and exchange of products from treatment/processing of waste. Mr Bedmutha presented a few case studies on the same and underlined that tipping fees still remains a significant contributor 68% of the revenues.Contract structures of MSWM projects also need to be reviewed from the viewpoint of integrated waste management to reduce overlap in the scope of proce ssing and disposal and integrated contracts. also in the scope of work, the contracts must focus on minimization of equaliser after processing. Mr. Bedmutha concluded his presentation by talking about the various risks that could challenges investments in waste management sector including waste quality risks, applied science risk both from the perspective of power generation and pollution control and counterparty risk in the form of paying capability of the ULBs. . 5 Towards Zero Waste Exploring the Systems Approach Mr. Prayas Goel, Managing Director, Rochem India presented on the topic Towards Zero- A Systems Approach- Harnessing waste for wealthiness Zero waste is a concept that calls for a paradigm shift and views waste as a resource that can be remoulded for utile components and profitable ventures. Speaking on the topic, Mr. Goel talked about the heterogeneity of the MSW and the fact that approximately 60% of it is organic and another 15% recyclable.He said that the low calorific value of Indian MSW can be attributed to its high moisture content. overdue to absence of source segregation a total solution to treat mixed waste was warranted in the Indian context. Mr Goel also presented a relation of various technologies like composting, landfill, incineration and the new concord blue solution on various indicators like emissions, maintenance cost, recovery of energy etc. Elaborating further on the Zero waste, Mr.Goel said that the concept focussed on maximise the 3-R concept Reduce, Recycle and Recover as well as ensuring that only true inerts are sent to the landfill. This could be achieved by raising public awareness and involving all concerned agencies including the un-organized sector. An integrated approach towards zero waste that he presented highlighted the need for receipt of waste with minimal storage along with efficiency in pre-conditioning activities followed by conversion of pre-conditioned waste to energy.An elaboration of Gasificati on technology apprised the audience about the details of this non-incineration thermal waste to energy solution and its suitability for disposal of mixed solid waste. The process is also environmental friendly since it does not release toxic dioxins and furans due to the plastic present being thermo chemically degraded instead of being burned. Other benefits include the low space requirement, negligible rejects and no storage requirements. Summarizing his presentation, Mr. Goel negated the widely held printing that Indian waste due to its low calorific value based on