George Washington Farewell Address Essay - 1663 Words

George Washington, a very famous man known as the first President of the United States of America, was born on the 22nd of February, 1732 in the colony of Bridges Creek, Virginia. (George Presidential Early Life sec.1 para.3) He was born into a wealthy, land-owning family and was a very political individual. Washington served as a Major in the Virginia militia and also fought in the French and Indian War from 1754 to 1763. In addition, Washington became a representative of the Virginia legislature where he was titled a Commissioner to the Second Continental Congress. (George Address sec.2) Unfortunately, President Washington, undoubtedly, did not receive any type of advanced education that was common to most children. However, Washington†¦show more content†¦Washington requested that the people assimilate his words and envision them properly for future success. He yearned for the American people to perceive his thoughts and terms. He viewed the people as mentors for the youn g and assumed that everyone knew his political terms. (Spalding, Wilson sec.1) Washington wrote the â€Å"Farewell Address† primarily for the American people. He wrote it for the people of the United States and he intended for them to understand his political ideology as well as his commitment to establish a strong government. He wanted the retirement from his distinct political life to symbolize something spectacular as well as overlook his presidential terms in a summarization of ideas. In his speech, George Washington not only wanted to renounce his duration as head of the country, but he also wanted to instruct the American people on what he felt were various crucial problems and in turn let them know how the adolescent nation should address them. (George Address sec.3, sec.6) The description of the â€Å"Farewell Address†, or story line of the speech, pontificated quite a few topics including global relations, bigotry, political parties, as well as nationalism and federalism. Additionally, constitutionalism, relationship between church and state, morality, and politics were themes of the â€Å"Farewell Address†. In â€Å"George Washington’s Farewell Address†, he explained to the American people that he was preparing to retire and he also notedShow MoreRelatedWashington s Farewell Address Analysis1375 Words   |  6 Pages Washington’s Farewell Address Analysis Jennifer Trammell GOVT 200 – C04 Instructor Barber Opening statement Washington’s Farewell Address The major document we will be analyzing in this paper is George Washington’s â€Å"Farewell Address†. This was a very important document of its time and in order to analyze it fully it would be helpful to know a little more insight on the writing of and the reason it was written. Who is George Washington? George Washington was born in 1732, he grew upRead More11th Grade Essay896 Words   |  4 PagesEssay Prompt 3 During the founding of the new nation, the United States, there were a number of influential people who made important decisions based on their various opinions. These people, the founding fathers of the United States, would set examples, ideals, and rules for many leaders to come. Our first president George Washington, our 3rd president Thomas Jefferson, and our first Supreme Court justice John Marshall were all very important and influential individuals. Together, theirRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Founding Brothers 1577 Words   |  7 PagesFounding Brothers Essay 17 Oct 2015 Shaan Sekhon The United States faced many challenges in the years following the revolutionary war. The themes discusses in the â€Å"Founding Brothers† show how difficult it really was to create a perfect union. Ellis shows that many factors went into decisions as theoretically simple as the location of the nations new capitol, to the morality of slave trade. Collaboration played a large role in the nations early years, as did the faith people put in its firstRead MoreEssay on James Madison1503 Words   |  7 Pagesarguments for these acts had guaranteed for free speech and freedom of the press (p.200, Ellis). James Madison along with assistance from John Jay wrote The Federalist Papers. (p.53, Ellis). The Federalist Papers were a complete eighty-five essays that were written between 1787-1788. The main idea of the The Federalist Papers try to get through was that a republican government would be more stabilize in large mass of land and population. James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton wantedRead MoreThematic Essay on George Washington958 Words   |  4 PagesThematic Essay on George Washington The Electoral College elected Washington unanimously in 1789, and again in the 1792 election. John Adams was elected vice president. Washington took the oath of office as the first President under the Constitution for the United States of America on April 30, 1789, at Federal Hall. At first, he had not wanted the position. Washington proved himself to be an able administrator. An excellent delegator and judge of talent and character, he held regularRead MoreThe Constitution : A Powerful Movement Throughout The American History Essay1107 Words   |  5 PagesConstitution unless a â€Å"Bill of Rights† was added guaranteeing unalienable rights the new federal government cannot take away. Two documents that were written during the time of the ratification of the Constitution: The Federalist Papers: No 45 , and Farewell Address provide a basis of ideals that the new republic had to face. One provides new advantages that the new Constitution provides, and the other addresses potential threats that may arise in the latter future. These products show the radical ideasRead MoreAlexander Hamilton Was The First U.s. Secretary Of The Treasury1250 Words   |  5 PagesYork City. He left college without graduating in 1776. The American Revolution of 1776 offered Hamilton the opportunity to become captain of a company of artillery. He became a lieutenant colonel in the Continental Army and an aide-de-camp to George Washington, a commanding general. Hamilton made no military decisions, but he was sent on important military missions and he drafted letters to Army officers, Congress and the states. He also drafted reports on reorganizing and reforming the army. HamiltonRead MoreFounding Brothers1172 Words   |  5 Pageswriting documents/essays supporting to abolish slavery. 6. What does Ellis mean when he says that â€Å"Madison’s position on slavery captured the essence of what might be called â€Å"the Virginia straddle†? This would mean riding both sides on the argument of slavery. On one hand, they believed the abolishment of slavery to be impossible on the other hand, ending slavery prematurely without plan might cause more problems than they could handle at the time. Chapter 4: â€Å"The Farewell† 1. How doesRead MoreThe Treaty Of Paris Of 18981119 Words   |  5 Pagesstill have an empire. This debate still continues today in regards to the invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan. This essay argues that the United State’s imperial conquest for these pacific islands fails to honor its founding ideals; instead, it brought tragedy to both indigenous peoples and the American army and mocks everything the nation stands for. Upon his farewell address, George Washington warned the nation to stay uninvolved in European alliances and wars. Between this time and the Spanish-AmericanRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Signing Of Jay s Treaty 1488 Words   |  6 Pages1. Gesture and Figure !Symbolic: Some think that Washington is pointing to the future, and others think he is saying farewell. Another interpretation is that the painting commemorates the signing of Jay’s Treaty. In the painting, Washington’s stance made him look quite regal. This is similar to European paintings of royals and nobles from that time. Biographic: Washington was about to retire from politics and said that nothing could bring him back into it. He had also recently fought the opponents

Informative Speech On Excessive Homework - 910 Words

Informative Speech Outline Topic: Homework Specific Purpose: By the end of my speech my audience will understand and be informed of the issue with too much homework. Central Idea: Excessive homework is unnecessary for the majority of college students. Introduction: Online Work Attention Getter: â€Å"About 45 percent of undergraduate students attend college while working part time. 80 percent of undergraduate students worked part-time along side of going to school.† As stated by Laura Perna. (American Association of University Professors.) Topic Introduction: Today I am going to talk to you about homework. Relate the topic to your audience: As we are all collegiate students in this classroom we should all care and understand such issues. Relate the topic to you as a speaker: I am a first year full time student along with have taken many A.P classes in high school over the past 3 years. Preview your main points: I will speak about: work, mental health and school all joined together.Show MoreRelatedInformative Speech Outline802 Words   |  4 PagesInformative Speech Outline I. Introduction A. Thanks 1. Thanks professor Tuckerman for the introduction. B. Salutation 1. Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. C. Ethos 1. What increases heart rate, causes sleep disturbance, makes people cry, act violent, makes some people sleep more and causes untold aches and pains? It s Wednesday! Six hours of homework to do, babysit the little sister, feed the dog, cut the grass, oh and lets not forget your boyfriend is being a jerkRead MoreNew Dell Sonicpoint Series Enhances Wireless Network Security Solution994 Words   |  4 PagesIn the sections below, I have discussed each of the parts that were required in this homework assignment and provided evidence to support my claims from the webpage. †¢ Name of page: Direct2Dell, The Official Dell Corporate Blog, The power to do more. The blog is entitled â€Å"New Dell SonicPoint Series Enhances Wireless Network Security Solution† †¢ Audience: Prospective Employers (Business Organizations) and their employees such as IT professionals, students, people working in schools, universitiesRead MoreA Study On Friday Nights Essay1629 Words   |  7 Pagestill she got fired a month ago. She demonstrates strength from her honest, courageous, determined, and caring nature. She is open and willing to give counseling a try to help her cope during her difficult time. However, her weakness consists of excessive worry and self-critical due to the fact that she feels like a failure. Yet, Helen demonstrates that her bible reading group on Tuesday nights provides her with support. In addition, she illustrates that visiting her friend which has helped her elevateRead MoreEffect of Television Research6869 Words   |  28 Pagesdrinking alcohol, doing drugs, smoking cigarettes, and having premarital sex, as cool, fun, and exciting. Often, there is no discussion about the consequences of those actions. (Dowshen, 2011) Obesity Health experts have long linked excessive television-watching to obesity. It is a significant health problem today. While watching television, kids are inactive and tend to snack. They are also bombarded with ads that encourage them to eat unhealthy foods like potato chips and empty-calorieRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagesbasic emotion of fear, is a universal human experience that plays a central role in human adaptation and survival. The basic function of fear is to signal a threat or impending danger (Barlow, 2002). The feeling of anxiousness associated with making a speech before 3 4 THE NATURE OF OCD a large audience or going for a job interview is understandable, given the potential for embarrassment or rejection. Even some of the phobias that are well known to clinicians, such as acrophobia (fear of heights)Read MoreHsm 542 Week 12 Discussion Essay45410 Words   |  182 Pagesthat the staff have an professional development with working lunch. The working lunch would cut back on staff member not able because of child care or schooling. The working lunch would all me as the owner to bring in outside presentors to give informative data and the lastes technology or ethic laws to help the staff and protect the patient for the best health care at my local for success. The working lunch for workshops or training will be schedule  monthly and suggestion of what food choiceRead MoreAgency Theory Essay 329591 Words   |  119 Pagesevaluation of the CEO s practices, policies, and performance when the CEO serves as the presiding officer of the board (e.g., Jensen, 1993, 2005b; MacAvoy Millstein, 2003). This has been noted as the functional equivalent of the CEO grading his own homework (Brickley, Coles, Jarrell, 1997, p. 190). Others, too, have endorsed a similar perspective and strongly advocate that the roles of CEO and board chairperson should not be combined (Coombes Wong, 2004; Monks Minow, 2004). In fact, it has beenRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagestext. ââ€"   Preface xix Activities Workbook (0-495-11883-4) by Roxy Peck. Use this convenient workbook to take notes, record data, and cement your learning by completing textbook and bonus activities for each chapter. ââ€"   Media ThomsonNOWâ„ ¢ Homework (0-495-39230-8) Save time, learn more, and succeed in the course with this online suite of resources (including an integrated eBook and Personalized Study plans) that give you the choices and tools you need to study smarter and get the grade. Note:Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesLatonya is twenty-three years old is more informative than saying she isnt a teenager any more. Putting a number on her age makes the claim more precise and thus more informative. Nevertheless, making a precise claim is riskier than making an imprecise one. If her twenty-third birthday is still a week away, then calling her twenty-three is incorrect but saying shes not a teenager any more is correct. The more precise a claim, the more informative it is if it does turn out to be true. Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmanagement textbook, it is important that you understand its distinctive learner-focused features especially the five-step learning model: Skill Assessment, Skill Learning, Skill Analysis, Skill Practice, and Skill Application. You’ll also find informative research on how much managers’ actions impact individual and organizational performance, and the characteristics of effective managers. †¢ Thoughtfully complete the Skill Assessment surveys in each chapter. These diagnostic tools are designed to

Computer Forensics Investigation Plan for UniCareer Pty. Ltd

Question: Discuss about theComputer Forensics Investigation Plan for UniCareer Pty. Ltd. Answer: Introduction Company background UniCareer Pty. Ltd is a Company based in United States of America. It is a leading educational provider with ability to provide various study qualifications in education industry. Some of the qualifications offered by the company include; OCPJ, CFA, OCAJ, FRM and CCNP. Within its 5 years of establishment, the company is celebrating a huge margin of success in education industry. The company has a population of 25,000 students and 10 campuses within 5 different areas in various states. It employs more than 50 staff members which are involved in various service delivery from within the organization. UniCareer Pty. Ltd has a well surfaced information technology infrastructure which gives a boost to its service delivery taking into account the amount students served and mode of service delivery used. Though organization relies heavily on technological service delivery, it is pathetic UniCareer Pty. Ltd has not updated its technological infrastructure for quite some time. It makes use of both laptops and mac OS in their daily operation of business. Security features related to network including organizational firewalls segmentation have not been updated for some years and is poorly implemented throughout the organizational network covering several states. Security parameters such as intrusion detection and prevention have been set up in the organizational network but does not provide required services to the organization which corresponds to waste of resources. Due to growing industry market, UniCareer Pty. Ltd is facing severe competition from companies such as ABC Pty Ltd and should address security threats arising from its competitors. Objective of the report Recently, there has emerged some claims which poses security threats to organizational industry success. UniCareer Pty. Ltd students and staff members have complained of receiving an email which convinces them to join ABC Pty Ltd, a competing firm in professional education service delivery. This is very serious cyber security threat since all emails received by students should come from the company. Receiving an email requesting them to join competing firm shows there is an access to organizational students and staff database. It would be possible to raise some speculations on the where about of such emails. Since UniCareer Pty. Ltd allows both staff and students to use their laptops and smartphones within organizational network, it might be possible data captured by such devices was used to gain access to organizational network and database. The second scenario focuses on one of organizational employees watching pornographic material within organizational network premises while usin g organizational MacOS computer. This shows poor network security where firewalls filtering has not been done for security of some site access while using UniCareer Pty. Ltd network. The main goal of this report is to come up with forensic plan which would help UniCareer Pty. Ltd. To solve its cyber security threats. The report focuses on detailed and justifiable components of digital forensic investigation plan. First, it gives an introductory approaches on types of forensics available and their justifications. Resources required and available to carry out digital forensic investigation which involves skills possessed by team members, tools within organizational expert reach to support technological needs and security policies as it will be addressed in security policy plan to guide organization in addressing security lapses. Third part of the report would be addressing acquisition plan in forensic investigation which factors; contingency plan, acquisition plan procedures and verif ication and validation procedures. Forensic analysis investigation would be addressed in the proceeding section which would involve analysis of the emails received by both student and staff members and network analysis techniques on security features available as addressed in firewall configuration regarding site access from within and use of organizational network. The last part of report would address both policy formulation, findings and recommendation as required in information system security measures to curtail UniCareer Pty. Ltd cyber security threats. Scope of the report The report has been set up in context of evaluating UniCareer Pty. Ltd current scenario, network and firewall infrastructure setup, procedures in UniCareer Pty. Ltd business operations and other security procedures. Therefore, UniCareer Pty. Ltd organizational scope would cover the two cases in the company to make sure all security aspects are addressed. The report would focus on information system cyber security threats as addressed from two organizational scenarios. Justification of Current Methodology and Computer Forensic Methodologies Digital Forensic Methodologies To come up with solution to cyber security threats, UniCareer Pty. Ltd would be required to come up with forensic evaluation of its system in a bid to determine its storage of data and evaluate how result of the research would be used to secure organizational data. Results obtained from forensic investigation would might be in various form for purpose of coming up with diverse range of evidence which could be used in criminal case proceedings (Maghaireh, 2009). There are three distinct steps which are involved in the process of digital search of evidence. They include; acquisition of data, validation of evidence collected and analysis to ensure it is authentic for use in criminal case proceedings. It is important to make sure forensic research is quite flexible so that it facilitates more ways of collecting required evidence. Methodologies involved in forensic research are; facts restoration technique which is used by researchers to restore data into its original state after informat ion system has been compromised by attackers. To restore data, various restoration procedures are required in order to make process more authentic and acceptable. The process of data restoration take place if organizational information system has been compromised by an incident of cyber attacker such as one evidenced in UniCareer Pty. Ltd. Data recovery procedures makes sure system is brought back into operations once organizational information system has been compromised and its secure operations cannot be guaranteed (Nelson, Phillips Steuart, 2010). Next, organizational network forensics has been used and continue to be one of the major parameters which organizations use for forensic investigations. It serves as one of the best tools to use when organizational network need to be analyzed for forensic evidence. Information data such as network and server logs are used by forensic experts to come up with reports which would be used to mitigate security threats to organization infor mation systems (Kleiman, 2007). Additionally, in cases of events such as UniCareer Pty. Ltd, E mail forensic evaluation would be required since one of the scenarios that led to forensic research is unrecognized email received by both staff and students. Some of the email analysis that should be done include; emails header which can be used to explain the destination of the email, email IP address with intent of collecting computer used to send it, date and time when such an email was sent (Carbone, 2014). Situations where network forensics is useful are spam emails, phishing emails or different malicious emails. Lastly, Digital forensic research can be used as an ideal methodology to carry out forensic research in this case. Altheide Carvey (2011) argues that, both email and analysis of network is very essential because it can be used to dig the proof if any system compromise took place. Steps involved in digital forensic investigations In order to come up with valuable and recognized approach in digital forensic procedures, UniCareer Pty. Ltd may adopt following steps; UniCareer Pty. Ltd may evaluate these two cases through use of forensic investigators so that suitable approach may be taken to solve security lapses. Next, it might require UniCareer Pty. Ltd to develop a demand tick check of list which would be used to facilitate digital forensic research. In addition to that, it can be used to come up with organizational list of resources which would be used in forensics. This resources include personnel, equipment and money. Similarly, UniCareer Pty. Ltd should take risk prevention and elimination procedures which would make it easy for organization to solve its cyber security problems. Lastly, UniCareer Pty. Ltd should make sure organizational data integrity is maintained with all validation procedures being put in to practice. Resources used in collecting Forensic evidence Preparation plan in digital forensic investigation While preparing digital forensic plan for UniCareer Pty. Ltd, subject parties should follow clearly formulated steps which guarantees non-disruption of current business activities and all forensic procedures are done in accordance with the law. Violating any operational procedure in forensic research renders the whole process useless since evidence collected cannot be used in criminal case proceeding. Next, data verification and validation should be involved in the process of forensic research to make sure that, evidence collected conforms to standard set of rules and procedures. Lastly, there is need to come up proper storage mechanisms of storing any forensic evidence so that it can be verifiable and accurate when needed for use. Tools in digital forensic research Meyer (2014) stipulates that, in forensic research, involved parties should be able to choose most suitable and available tools which renders involved parties accuracy and cognizance of the process. It has been proved that, it is forensic research tools which determines the outcome of the research because without relevant tools, it may not be possible for investigators to come dig deeper into analysis of the affected information system. It is upon subject organization to avail required tools, devices and finances because failure to provide such resources would render forensic process ineffective. Important to note is that, tools and devices required range from software and hardware which investigators would use in their process (Jones Valli, 2009). The choice of tools used by forensic researchers determines the kind of results obtained and the nature of attacker to the information system. Skills required by forensic investigators According to (Casey Altheide, 2010), forensic investigation requires a range of skills which are both professional and self-acquired. Forensic investigators should have skills such as interpersonal which helps investigators in solving problems without enduring so many challenges, enable them to work under immense pressure and be creative enough to use locally available tools in maximizing the process of investigation in order to achieve the best outcome. Similarly, there are aspects of technical skills which are acquired professionally and forensic researchers should have them. These skills should be approved through certifications such as network certification which are acquired from various institutions (Ziccardi, 2012). Forensic investigation tools and other peripherals In order to carryout authentic and efficient forensic analysis, researchers should have arrange of tools. There is need for researchers have acquired high speed computers which have more powerful software power to evaluate the nature of system compromise (Davis, Cowen Philipp, 2005). These machines should be provided so that all possible data analysis can be done to unearth any incidence that might have taken place without knowledge of organizational cyber security experts. Forensic Acquisition of evidence Plan for forensic evidence acquisition Forensic evidence acquisition is used as a means of gathering information which could be used to determine the nature of system compromise and extend to which such compromise might have taken place. There are range of tools which could be used to produce information for digital forensic research such a hard disks, servers and network logs. All these media can be mirrored to provide a copy of data which can be analyzed later after incident (Prosise, Mandia McGraw-Hill, 2003). UniCareer Pty. Ltd can make various forms of data acquisition provided they are relevant and can give possible solution in relation to subject scenario. Contingency plan Generally, there are some measures which should be put in place in advance by organization to make sure data can be recovered when organization has been hit by disaster or an attacker. Organizational potential risks that have been reported so far are; watching of pornographic materials while in organizations and while using organizational computers. Possibility of solving such problem is through use of formulation of filtering features from firewalls and implementing strong security measures in the network (Caloyannides, 2001). Given the sort and scope of UniCareer Pty. Ltd cyber security cases, back up plans would surface effectively. Tools used in data Acquisition Set of tools to be used in data acquisition process are dependent on scenario present. In case of UniCareer Pty. Ltd, tools required would majorly be based on network analysis and email evaluation. Network analyzers would be used since the main focus would be on how organizational network was used to watch prohibited and filtered materials. Similarly, email analysis would be done to ascertain staff and students received emails advertising latters competitor. Therefore, one scenario tools cannot be used in another related scenario tools because their nature varies in intensity and mode of occurrence (Cyber Defense Training Systems. Lewis, 2007). Validation and verification of forensic data According to Ec-Council Press (2010), data validation and verification is an important aspect as it guarantees organizational data integrity and consistency is up to date. Compromising UniCareer Pty. Ltd data leaves it in inconsistent state which is against principles of data security. Therefore, validation of data collected as a forensic evidence need to be validate for accuracy and relevant to the event (Newman, 2007). Phase of Forensic Investigation Analyzing hidden data and files Intruders uses different methods to interfere with the system. They may decide to hide data delete data or change it to unreadable form. According to forensic principles, all hidden files need to be analyzed to uncover any proof in it. To uncover the truth in hidden files, vaious equipements need to be made available for analysis (Volonino, Anzaldua Godwin, 2006). According to (Blitz, 2011), all relevant documents should be analyzed in order to make sure required evidence has been solicited. Analysis can be done by evaluating how the file was achieved, manipulation made on data, configuration made on the network and IP address used in accessing a given set of data (Bunting, 2012). Time frame, network and email analysis According to International Council of E-Commerce Consultants (2017), time of event occurrence is very important as it helps in determining who accessed which data and from where. It may also help in determining the number of times organizational system was accessed illegally. To achieve time analysis, data stamps and time frame analysis are the most important aspects to be evaluated (Mohay, 2006). Similarly, both network and email analysis is very important in this case because these are the main aspects through which UniCareer Pty. Ltd was compromised through (Sheetz, 2007). It is only through network that organization can be able to acquire all forensic information relating to its system compromise. Information Security Policies for UniCareer Pty. Ltd In order to make sure organizational information is safe, it is important to formulate additional rules and regulations which might help UniCareer Pty. Ltd to secure its information system. According to Ec-Council Press (2017) UniCareer Pty. Ltd has to set some rules that would help in governing organizational data security. These rules should include; UniCareer Pty. Ltd should implement strong and rapidly updated paswords. Maras (2015) argues that, organizational security parameters should not be exposed to unauthorized parties in order to makes sure operational procedures are availed to relevant users only. Similarly, organizational information system should be designed in such a way that, there is automatic log off after a given period of idle time. Additionally, UniCareer Pty. Ltd should implement strong security features such as firewalls and authentication procedures required to access the system (Clarke IT Governance Publishing, 2010). Lastly, devices such as network servers and network routers should be safely stored in well fenced houses and in secured cabinets to prevent them from unauthorized access. Conclusion and Recommendations Data security has been a major challenge in todays business and there is need to come up measures which would help UniCareer Pty. Ltd to keep its data secure and free from authorize by third party. The main focus has been on implementing digital forensic plan for UniCareer Pty. Ltd which will help in securing its information system from being compromised. A range of activities including data hiding techniques and data recovery procedures has been recommended for secure and accurate retrieval of forensic evidence. Upon evaluation of data security threats that faced UniCareer Pty. Ltd, possible solutions to problems have been suggested to help in determining security lapses that have faced UniCareer Pty. Ltd information system. Besides rules and regulations, various data analysis tools and resources including personnel have been discussed in to detail and relevant skills required by various groups of digital forensic investigators. Having analyzed all various aspects of digital forensi c, it would be worthy to note that, if all aspects are put in place as required, digital forensic would be a success to any subject organization. References Altheide, C., Carvey, H. A. (2011). Digital forensics with open source tools: Using open source platform tools for performing computer forensics on target systems: Windows, Mac, Linux, UNIX, etc. Burlington, MA: Syngress. Blitz, A. (2011). Lab manual for guide to computer forensics and investigations, fourth edition. Boston, MA: Course Technology, Cengage Learning. Bunting, S. (2012). EnCase computer forensics: The official EnCE : EnCase certified examiner s tudy guide. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Caloyannides, M. A. (2001). Computer forensics and privacy. Boston: Artech House. Carbone, F. (2014). Computer forensics with FTK. Birmingham, U.K: Packt Pub. Casey, E., Altheide, C. (2010). Handbook of digital forensics and investigation. Burlington, Mass: Academic Press. Clarke, N., It Governance Publishing. (2010). Computer forensics: A pocket guide. Ely, Cambridgeshire: IT Governance Publishing. Cyber Defense Training Systems. Lewis, J. A. (2007). Corporate computer forensics training system text manual. Volume I. Leslie, Mich: Cyber Defense and Research Initiative. Davis, C., Cowen, D., Philipp, A. (2005). Hacking exposed: Computer forensics secrets s olutions. Emeryville: McGraw-Hill/Osborne. Ec-Council Press. (2010). Computer forensics: Investigating data and image files. Clifton Park, NY: Course Technology Cengage Learning. Ec-Council Press. (2017). Computer forensics: Investigating network intrusions and cybercrime. International Council of E-Commerce Consultants. (2017). Investigation Procedures and Response. Jones, A., Valli, C. (2009). Building a digital forensic laboratory: Establishing and managing a successful facility. Burlington, Mass: Butterworth-Heinemann/Syngress Pub. Maghaireh, A. (2009). Jordanian cybercrime investigation: a comparative analysis of search for and seizure of digital evidence, Research Online, pp. 1-36. Maras, M.-H. (2015). Computer forensics: Cybercriminals, laws, and evidence, second edition. Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning Meyer, T. T. (2014). Careers in computer forensics. New York: Rosen Publishing. Mohay, G. M. (2006). Computer And Intrusion Forensics. Norwood: Artech House. Nelson, B, Phillips, A Steuart, C. (2010). Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigation, Course Technology. Cengage Learning, Boston, MA Newman, R. C. (2007). Computer forensics: Evidence collection and management. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach Publications. Prosise, C., Mandia, K., McGraw-Hill. (2003). Incident response computer forensics. New York: McGraw-Hill/Osborne. Sheetz, M. (2007). Computer forensics: An essential guide for accountants, lawyers, and managers. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. The official CHFI study guide (Exam 312-49): For computer hacking forensic investigator. Place of publication not identified: Syngress Volonino, L., Anzaldua, R., Godwin, J. (2006). Computer forensics: Principles and practices. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Education. Ziccardi, G. (2012). Privacy, sicurezza informatica, computer forensics e investigazioni digitali. Milano: Giuffre?.

Techniques For Enhance The Motivation Level †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Techniques For Enhance The Motivation Level. Answer: Techniques adopted by the Managers to enhance the motivation level of the employees The article is based on the techniques that are adopted by the managers, so that the efficiency of the employees can be increased. Motivation is an important element which should be taken into consideration by every organization. The thesis statement on which the main emphasis is given is based on the techniques or the methods that are adopted by the managers, so that the motivation level of the employees can be increased. The article is related with the Cerkezkoy in which the manager has to perform the activities which gives emphasis on increasing the motivation level of the employees who are working in the organization. If an organization want to survive in the market then it is very important that there results should be achieved in a positive way. Motivation technique is something which is very important element that gives direct impact on the working pattern of the employees. If the topmanagement gives proper motivation to the employees, then it can be seen that workers can effi ciently conduct their operations. Motivation is considered as a process which discloses all the capability or the ability of an individual. The individual, who is highly motivated, can easily attain the targets of the organization. It is the main duty of the topmanagement to motivate the employees who are working in the organization in proper manner (Greco, Charlier, Christopher and Brown, 2014). If the topmanagement fails to motivate the employees who are working in the organization, then it is very difficult for them to attain the target. The organization should give main focus on enhancing the level of motivation of the employees, so that the operations can be conducted in a smooth manner. To conduct the task in an efficient way, the main responsibility is of the employee. The task or the operations are performed by the employees and if employees are not efficient towards the work, then it can be a great disadvantage for the organization (Goetsch and Davis, 2014). The strength which is analyzed in the article is related with the motivation techniques that are used by the manager and by that only they can attain the goals and objectives which are prevailing in the market. The topmanagement should always assist and support the employees. If there is a team, then it is a responsibility of a manager to assist and give full support to the subordinates. If the support is given by the top management then it is seen that the organization can easily compete with the competitors that are prevailing in the market (Miner, 2015). For example: If there is an organization in which it is very difficult for the employees to attain the target, then it is seen that there is lack of motivation in the organization. The manager should take immediate actions or consider the technique which will enhance the confidence and motivation level of the employees to conduct its operations on time. If there is a lack of motivation between the employees, then the organization can never be able to attain the goals (Donagan, 2017). The weakness that is seen in the article is related with the lack of motivation between the employees who are conducting the day to day operations of the organization. Every organization needs an efficient employee to conduct the operations of the organization. If the employee is not efficient towards the work, then the main duty is of the manager to give motivation. Motivation enhances the working pattern of the employees. It is seen that there are many techniques which are there for the manager, but to implement it the manager has to analyze the situation. Motivation should be given by analyzing the working pattern of the employee. If the worker who is dedicated towards the work can also set an example for other employees who are working in the organization (Kleebbua and Siriparp, 2016). It is seen if one employee tries to give best towards the work, then other employees also feel motivated and inspired. Other employees of the organization also try to work and give best towards the work. Job satisfaction also plays a great role in enhancing the working pattern of the employee. If the employee is satisfied and happy with the job, then it is seen that he or she will be able to attain the target easily. If the employee is not satisfied with the job then it will give negative impact on the organization. So, it is very essential to motivate the employees who are working in the organization. Also the employee who conduct the same task daily get bored and need some motivation, so that the work can be performed in proper manner (Dhar, 2015). Training is also considered as an important aspect to conduct the day to day operations in a proper manner. It helps the employees to learn about new things and also helps to gain knowledge about the operations or the activities that are conducted in the organization. By giving proper training to the employees, the organization can easily enhance the profitability and productivity. The employee who is trained can conduct its operations or the activities in an effective way. It is seen that there are various organizations that use incentive as a method to motivate the employees (Ford, 2014). Monetary reward is something which everyone wants, as it helps to fulfill the requirements and needs. Incentives are not only the technique which is used by the manager to motivate the employees who are working in the organization. The technique which is used by the manager to motivate the employees is concerned with the contribution which is done by the employees of the organization. Employee con tribution is concerned with contributing the thoughts, ideas and the suggestions to the problems. It is a technique which helps the employee to know the importance and also give positive impact on the working pattern (Centerod, 2012). Employee compensation plays a great role in enhancing the level of motivation of the employees. The employee compensation is related with the rewards that are given to the employees of the organization. It is related with the direct financial payments like wages, salaries and vacations. The manager can use this technique to motivate the employee, so that their can work with full dedication towards the work. The reward is concerned with the vacation or benefit in monetary terms (Temminck, Mearns and Fruhen, 2015). In the recent scenario it is seen that the employees are concerned about the jobs which offer benefits and incentives. So to enhance the job satisfaction, the manager should focus on giving rewards to the employees of the organization. The manager should also focus on analyzing the needs and wants, so that the corrective steps can be taken according to the requirement of the employee. In this article there are various methods which are taken into consideration like sample an d population method (Colbert, Barrick and Bradley, 2014).It helps to analyze the efficiency of the worker towards the work. There are various theories also that should be implemented by the managers like Maslow theory in which the main focus is on the needs of the employees or the workers. In this theory the first needs is concerned with the physiological needs in which the basic requirement of the individual is measured, so the managers should take into consideration the basic needs to motivate the employees in proper way. Next need is concerned with the security in which the main objective of the manager should be to give stable and happy environment to the employees, so that they can easily complete their task or activities .Next need is concerned with the esteem need in which the manager should give full respect to the employees, in this the employee will feel happy and confidence to conduct its operations. The last one is concerned with the self-actualization need in which the manager should give main focus on realizing the potential to do the task or the activities in proper manner. The manager should take into consideration Maslow theory, as this theory gives full reflection of the needs which are required by the employees. The managers should identify and take into consideration that which need is satisfied and on which the focus should be given (Barrick, Thurgood, Smith and Courtright, 2015). In this article the workers are performing their activities. There are 229 workers who are conducting their task or the activity. 183 employees or the workers are engaged in the weaving industry and rests 46 are engaged in manufacturing industry. By giving support to the thesis statement, it can be easily said that the motivation gives positive impact and also enhances the efficiency of the worker to perform their task in a proper way. The manager should implement the techniques by taking into consideration different needs of an individual, and then only it can easy for the organization to attain the goals and objectives of the organization (Jehanzeb and Bashir, 2013). If the employee is efficient towards the work, then it can be seen that the organization can easily attain success and growth and also compete with the competitors that are prevailing in the market. References Barrick, M.R., Thurgood, G.R., Smith, T.A. and Courtright, S.H., 2015. Collective organizational engagement: Linking motivational antecedents, strategic implementation, and firm performance.Academy of Management Journal,58(1), pp.111-135. Centerod, 2012, Seven ideas to get the most from your people, viewed on 7th September 2017, https://www.centerod.com/2012/02/getting-most-from-people/. Colbert, A.E., Barrick, M.R. and Bradley, B.H., 2014. Personality and leadership composition in top management teams: Implications for organizational effectiveness.Personnel Psychology,67(2), pp.351-387. Dhar, R.L., 2015. Service quality and the training of employees: The mediating role organizational commitment.Tourism Management,46, pp.419-430. Donagan, A., 2017.Choice: The essential element in human action(Vol. 2). Taylor Francis Ford, J.K., 2014.Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Psychology Press. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Greco, L.M., Charlier, S.D., Christopher, J. and Brown, K.G., 2014. Technological Advances in Employee Training and Development. Jehanzeb, K. and Bashir, N.A., 2013. Training and development program and its benefits to employee and organization: A conceptual study.European Journal of business and management,5(2). Kleebbua, C. and Siriparp, T., 2016. Effects of Education and Attitude on Essential Learning Outcomes.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,217, pp.941-949. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Temminck, E., Mearns, K. and Fruhen, L., 2015. Motivating employees towards sustainable behaviour.Business Strategy and the Environment,24(6), pp.402-412.

Types of Video Games free essay sample

Types of Video Games People think that video games are all the same, but in reality video games world is very huge and has many types and varieties of games. Same as movies, video games are developing to match people’s need and desire to be part of another experience to try out. As a result, video gaming companies are delivering a variety of video games types. Among all the types of video games, three are dominating, which are Role-play, Adventure, and Horror. The most common type is Role-play games. This type of games is considered to be the most famous type because of its online community and limitless customization. These games enable you to interact with different people around the world â€Å"The world you explore is populated with people from all walks of life, and they may have something to say when you approach. † (Final Fantasy XIII-12,2012). Role-play games target people for the age of seven and over ,and it depend on the game content. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Video Games or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Role-play types of games are really exciting to play and most gamers would never miss their chances to try them as soon as they come out. Another type of video games is adventure â€Å"a video game in which the player assumes the role of protagonist in an interactive story driven by exploration and puzzle-solving instead of physical challenge† (Outline of video games). Nowadays, this type of video games is increasing in term of popularity because the majority of the top ten games in the world in the last five years are under this category. To empathies this; the way of play in adventure games is changing and have no limit, it can be a fight game, a war game, and a treasure hunt game. The age rating for this category is from the age of three and over. The adventure type of games is addictive and trains the gamer mind. The final type of the three main video games types is horror games. Horror games are quite popular with gamers for its atmosphere. For instance, such games like Silent Hill, puts gamers in situations where they have to face their fears by themselves. Game play of horror games is different from one game to another. For example, there are games that require from gamers a quick action response time, other games require solving puzzles. As usual, horror games are almost for 18+ only because of its horrible and gory scenes. Video games industry is growing and targeting everybody. Also selection of types for video games is enormous to choose from, and those three types of video games are considered to be the best types these days. In the end, I think that Role-play games are the best because of their online community, excitement, fascinating stories and wide selection of functions. Works Cited Final Fantasy XIII-2. 1st ed. 1. El Segundo: Sqaure Enix, 2012. 14. Print. â€Å"Outline of video games. † Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , 6 May. 2013. Web. 17 May. 2013

Market segment Essay Example

Market segment Essay Example Market segment Essay Market segment Essay I will make some attractions to my business such as putting balloons outside my shop so that it will be noticed from a far distance and the balloons will have my business logo on it so people will know where it is from. In addition, balloons will attract children who are with an adult and will promote them come to my shop.  Marketing  I carried out a questionnaire, asking males and females my ten questions. My questionnaire will give me an idea of what people like the most about mobile phones and I will be able to find out the most popular features on a phone that are suitable to peoples needs. Using the information from my questionnaire and the specifications of the final business, I will evaluate the possible ways on marketing. I will be focusing on the marketing mix, the four Ps.  To obtain my marketing strategy, I need to mix the four Ps in the right proportion to achieve the best marketing mix. It is no good getting one P right. It would be a total waste of time for a business to open up a business, which no one has heard in the world. Each of the four Ps is essential to a marketing success. They must be properly mixed so that the whole package appeals to the target market in the chosen market segment. The most important one is product. Without the product, there would be no price, place or promotion. The product is the basis of the whole marketing process. My business is going to be on a mobile phone shop so for me to start the business I have to make sure that I have an enough number of mobile phones to sell.  The next one is price, which involves many different types of methods. These include complementary price, penetration price, promotional price, competitive pricing and skimming price. For my business, I will have to choose one that will be suitable for my business. I will choose a price to charge, state how I came to a final price and which pricing strategies I will use. I will also link the price to the other Ps. The next one is promotion. A business draws attention to itself and its products in this way. There are three main methods, which are:  I will look at what needs to be done at the current stage of the product life cycle and what needs to be done later. I will look at my target audience, the size of the market, the size of my advertising budget and state which mediums I will choose. I will conclude for my chosen advertising mediums. I will state the public relations involved including public demonstration and the company logo. The last P is place. This deals with how a business distributes its products. There are four main channels of distributions, which link the producer, seller, consumer or buyer. For my business, I will have to choose the channel of distribution, which is most suitable for my business.  At the introductory stage of the product life cycle, a lot of advertising is required. I will focus on television, radio and newspaper advertising at first because it will create awareness to a large audience, which is essential at this stage of the product life cycle. I will focus on other types of advertising later on in the product life cycle.

Re-Branding Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Re-Branding - Case Study Example Utilizing the case of Hunter Boots and the case study which was provided concerning how the firm was able to rebrand and ultimately turn the company around from near insolvency to rampant sales generation and growth, this brief analysis will be able to draw a high level of inference upon the means by which re-branding is effected as well as pointing to some of the key marketing concepts and theories that are oftentimes utilized in order to bring effective re-branding about. As such, rather than merely restating the case study in question, this particular analysis will seek to define the means whereby Hunter Boots was able to effect its rebranding and turn around via several different applications of marketing strategy and theory. Moreover, rather than merely elaborating upon some of the marketing mechanisms that Hunter Boots utilized in order to bring the firm back from the brink of extinction within the marketplace, the analysis will close with a particular word of warning. Such a w ord of warning is of course with relation to the fact that such a rebranding process that is ever-mindful of the realities of the marketplace is demanded to be perpetually engaged with if such a firm wishes to continue to have a place within the market. One of the very clear and present realities of the way in which markets behave and interact with the consumer and vice versa is with respect to the rapid level of change and fast changing consumer tastes. As such, the market for Hunter Boots had all but died out prior to the successful rebranding that took place. In this way, the relevant stakeholders of the firm found it necessary to institute a series of marketing theories and concepts in order to evoke a level of positive change within overall sales of Hunter’s line of boots. The first of these was to seek to reposition the brand. Whereas previously Hunter Boots had experienced a degree of appeal among wealthier segments of British society, the allure had since been lost as the style and limited product choice had come to be seen as stodgy and outdated. In such a manner, repositioning the brand to make it appeal to a broader audience was direly necessitated. Running tangentially to this need and reality of repositioning the brand, the firm found it expedient to seek to leverage the â€Å"upmarket†. This of course is a marketing concept that useful to understand with regards to the target market that the firm is attempting to leverage. With regards to how Hunter Boots sought to upmarket the product line, it was the understanding and realization of key individuals within the management of the firm that successful rebranding should not deviate too far from the originally strength and stigma that Hunter Boots originally entailed. In such a way, the ultimate intention was to market Hunter Boots as something of a chic aspect of â€Å"haute couture† that denoted a degree of sophistication and wealth. In such a way, the rebranding effort utilize d consumer desire to represent this exclusivity as a means of not only increasing sales but increasing the price per pair of boots approximately 20% (Coster, 2009). Two further marketing concepts which were heavily utilized in order to engage the consumer were with respect to the level and extent to which product differentiation and expansion of the product line were effected to increase overall sales. Whereas before the restructuring and rebranding of Hunter Boots, there were only two specific product offerings that the firm was able to exhibit, as a result of the rebranding efforts, the firm set out to explosively increase the overall number of style

Key Elements Of Hitchcock's Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Key Elements Of Hitchcock's Style - Essay Example "He's a prophet and a pusher - partly true, partly fiction, a walking contradiction." - Kris Kristoferson - quoted by Betsy in Taxi Driver (1976). Key elements of Hitchcock's style that promote the idea that he is an auteur of the cinematic medium are: 1) the way in which his passion and dedication to his own vision superceded external influences at the time to break new ground within the film industry. 2) The degree to which he directly participated in the film's creation. 3) His technical and theoretical consistencies across a range of films - including his innovative use of camera angles and movements to establish mood, his use of distortion and the uncanny to evokie feelings of suspense and horror, his use of timing to build anticipation, his refusal to adhere to standard narrative forms and his ability to utilise scenery, sound, aesthetics and symbolism to create a unified effect for a common purpose. Throughout Vertigo and Blackmail, Alfred Hitchcock's directorial fingerprint c an be evidenced in each film's cinematic techniques, aesthetic vision, dominant themes and stylistic consistencies. Each of these ingredients comprise Hitchcock's identity and classification within the theoretical school of auteurism - whereby the politique des auteurs ("the policy of authors")(Rohmer & Chabrol, 1957, 95) in the text. is governed by the director's own creative vision - bearing their own trademark style and transcending the limitations of mainstream demands and corporate economic considerations.

Effective Leadership in an Organisation. Image Management, Resource Essay

Effective Leadership in an Organisation. Image Management, Resource Deployment And Relationship Development - Essay Example To effectively analyse leadership, it would be critical to decipher its meaning. There has been no standard definition of leadership with Northouse observing that â€Å"there are almost as many different definitions of leadership as there are people who have tried to define it† (2004, p.2). The author perceives leadership from a social influence perspective referring to it as a process through which one influences a group of persons, referred to as followers, so as to attain common goals. Keller (2008) defines it as a critical dynamic force which motivates and coordinates an organisation towards accomplishing its objectives. The scholar views it as less of a science but as more of an art which influences by persuasion or example to induce a desired action. Whereas in an organisational setting the term subordinates would be used in place of followers, the term followers indicates that a leader could hold any position or role with bureaucracy not necessarily being implied (Zacca ro & Klimoski 2007). Organisational leadership in particular refers to the management’s ability to acquire and protect the organisation’s benefits by being sensitive to the needs of employees and the targets of the company, bringing them together in a better environment so as to realise common goals (Abbas & Asghar 2010; Sosik, Kahai & Piovoso 2009). Nonetheless, leadership should not be used interchangeably with management. Adopting Kotter’s approach, Packard (2009) and Shapiro and Leigh (2007) noted that management would produce order, consistency and predictability with regard to key results including budgeting, planning, staffing, organizing, problem solving and controlling. On the other hand, leadership would yield change and would encompass establishment of direction through development of a vision, aligning people to the vision and strategies and inspiring and motivating the staff. Leadership encompasses visioning, management of change, development of str ategy, organisation design, management of culture and community collaboration as contrasted to management which includes financial management, program design, human resource management, information systems, project management and program evaluation (Boal & Schulz 2007; Empson 2007; Gill 2006; LePine, Piccolo, Jackson, Mathieu & Saul 2008). For management functions to be executed effectively, leadership would be a key ingredient. Effective leadership According to Keller (2008) and Pearce, Locke and Conger (2007), effective leadership would entail the development of clear objectives, strategies and beliefs and identification of crucial processes and encouraging participation of employees. But various scholars (Avolio, Walumbwa & Weber 2009; DiLiello & Houghton 2006; Yukl 2006) have argued against a particular leadership style considered as effective. Even so, various building blocks to the realisation of effective leadership have been widely accepted. Image management Avolio, Walumbwa and Weber (2009) and Chong and Wolf (2010) appreciate image management for establishment of credibility, borrowing from leadership as a social influence process described by Packard (2009). For leadership to cause any influence, the followers should accept the leader’s persuasion and appropriately respond to it. Followers would be the ones to make the decision as to whether one deserves the leadership status through comparison of the image or characteristics presented by the leader against their assumption of what constitutes a leader. This postulation has been supported by Gregersen

Prehistoric Culture Culture in the Stone Age

Prehistoric Culture Culture in the Stone Age CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION: Prehistory is a term used to denote the long period of time before people began making written records. Some people believe that prehistoric people had lived on earth for millions of years before writing was invented more than 5,000 years ago. Recent finds of prehistoric fossils have led some scientists to believe that the first hominids, or human like creatures may have appeared in Africa seven million years ago. They think that a large range of different hominid species developed over the next millions of years. Some scientists think that the first species of Homo, the genus to which humans belong, emerged about 2.5 million years ago and that their successors eventually began making stone tools, mastering the use of fire, living in cave entrances and simple shelters. Scientists hold that modern humans first appeared in Africa more than 160,000 years ago, eventually leaving that continent to spread across the whole world. In Europe, they are thought to have lived at the same time as another species, the Neanderthals. When the Neanderthals died out, modern humans became the only hominids left on earth. Some of our hunter gatherer ancestors eventually took up farming, and their early settlements gradually grew into cities and formed the basis for the first civilizations on earth. After people found time to devote to art, religion and trade, the invention of writing finally marked the end of the prehistoric period. Prehistory is about sets of sites, artifacts and landscapes from the past which we try to understand in the present, putting the evidence we have in the context of their contemporary environments, both physical and social. The chronological scheme for understanding prehistory, the so called Three Age System, was mainly developed in Europe. The three-age system is the periodization of human prehistory into three consecutive time periods, named for their respective predominant tool-making technologies; the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The Stone Age was divided into two by the start of farming, with the Old Stone Age(Paleolithic, with its own three divisions-lower, middle and upper) succeeded by the New Stone Age(Neolithic). The metal age of bronze and iron(the Mesolithic Age), it was thought saw the development of tribal societies with sophisticated farming and the ability to build monuments like hill forts or create metal objects. Some of humans greatest achievements were made by prehistoric people. They created the worlds first languages, and learned to make tools and clothes and to control fire. They invented art, religion, farming, boats, and the wheel. Prehistoric people also settled the world, from the Arctic to the deserts of Australia. All the evidence that we have for our prehistoric past comes from material remains-objects and sites-that ancient people have left behind. It is the task of archaeologists to find and interpret this evidence. Many prehistoric sites have been discovered by accident, such as Seahenge in England, an ancient wooden monument revealed by the tide in 1998. Other prehistoric features, including standing stones and burial mounds, stand out in the landscape. The first question archaeologists ask about any prehistoric site is, How old is it?. 1.1 WHAT IS CULTURE ? Term traditionally used in prehistoric archaeology to define a specific collection of portable material objects, most often stone and bone tools, that exhibit similarity in a number of variables and that are found within a delimited region and time period. Culture also refers to a shared system of learned behaviors, passed on through several generations and thus characteristic of particular groups or communities. In this sense, there is considerable debate over whether humans are the only living primate species with culture, and, if so, when culture first appeared. At one extreme, only anatomically modern humans are considered to have possessed culture; at the other, chimpanzees and even certain species of cercepithecoid monkeys (macaques, baboons) are described as exhibiting culture in the form of long-term learned behavioral differences between populations. 1.2 EVOLUTION: The theory that living things evolve with time, giving rise to new species, was first proposed in the 1790s by English scientist Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802). But there was no convincing explanation as to exactly how a species might evolve. Then, in 1859, Erasmuss grandson Charles Darwin (1809-1882) published The Origin of Species, in which he explained that evolution was driven by a process he called natural selection. Darwins theory led to the conclusion that humans and apes had evolved from a common ancestor. Hominization is the evolutionary process that results in the present human being. It was a very long process. The first ancestors of the human beings appeared about five million years ago. We call them Australopithecus. They were quite similar to chimpanzees. Two million years ago a new human species called Homo Habilis appeared. They made tools of stone and lived on hunting and gathering. Homo Habilis and Australopithecus lived in Africa. Homo erectus appeared a million and a half years ago. They were similar to Homo habilis but they made more perfect tools. They had a greater technological development. This species discovered and learned how to use fire. Home erectus remains have been found out of Africa, in Europe andAsia. Homo antecessor is an extinct human species discovered in the Atapuerca site ( Spain). He appeared about 800,000 years ago. Most probably he is the oldest European. He is a common ancestor of Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens. Then, about 100,000 years ago Homo sapiens appeared. This species is divided into two subtypes: Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis or Neanderthal man and Homo sapiens sapiens. Neanderthal man looked like us but he was more robust and sturdy. This species became extinct. Homo sapiens sapiens is the species we belong to. Archaeologists have found remains of Homo sapiens in America and Australia. The continent where human beings first appeared is Africa. Homo erectus were the first human beings to leave Africa. Their remains have been found in Asia, Europe and Africa. In America and Australia, there are no remains of Homo erectus.The only vestiges that archaeologists have found there belong to Homo sapiens. There are several characteristics that make human beings different from other similar species: they invent tools thanks to the evolution of their intellect; they can walk on two legs (biped walk) so they can work with their hands; they have an opposable thumb, which, for example, allows them to make tools or write; and., finally, the fact that learning is possible because human beings develop a symbolic language and have a long childhood. Homo Neanderthalensis Homo Erectus Homo Sapiens Austrelopithecus The basic timeline of Prehistory is dominated by the so-called Old Stone Age or Paleolithic era, which lasted (roughly) from 1,600,000 until 10,000 BCE. It spans three periods: (1) Lower Paleolithic (2,500,000-200,000 BCE) (2) Middle Paleolithic (200,000-30,000 BCE) (3) Upper Paleolithic (40,000-10,000 BCE). After this comes a transitional phase called the Mesolithic period (sometimes known as epipaleolithic), ending with the spread of agriculture, followed by the Neolithic period (the New Stone Age) which witnessed the establishment of permanent settlements. The Stone Age ends as stone tools become superseded by the new products of bronze and iron metallurgy, and is followed by the Bronze and Iron ages. CHAPTER 2: PALEOLITHIC AGE: The period, also known as the stone age, encompasses the first widespread use of technology-as humans progressed from simpler to more complex developmental stages-and the spread of humanity from the savannas of East Africa to the rest of the world. It is generally said to have begun approximately 500,000 years ago and to have ended about 6,000 B.C.E. It ends with the development of agriculture, the domestication of certain animals, and the smelting of copper ore to produce metal. It is termed pre-historical, since humanity had not yet started writing-which is seen as the traditional start of (recorded) history. Knowledge of human life at this time is confined to generalities. Scientists do not have records of individual lives or of the achievements of individual contributors to human development. As technology enabled humans to settle in larger numbers, however, more rules were needed to regulate life, which gave rise to ethical codes. Religious belief, reflected in cave art, also be came more sophisticated. Death and burial rites evolved. As hunting and gathering gave way to agriculture and as some people became artisans, trading implements they produced, even larger settlements, such as Jericho, appear. Art and music also developed as some people had more time for leisure. Human society emerged as more self-consciously collective. People became aware that they faced the same challenges, so co-operation was better than competition. In the early Paleolithic period, each clan or family group regarded themselves as the people to the exclusion of others. Strangers may not even have been thought of as human. With settlement, this changed and community identity became more important than individual identity. 2.1 MATERIAL CULTURE DURING THE PALEOLITHIC ERA: IMPLEMENTS AND TOOLS: Implements are essentially an extension of human limbs-the extension of the fist and tooth with the stone ; the arm with the stick; the hand or mouth with a bag or basket. If an implement such as a stone, picked up and thrown, is the beginning of human technical process, that progress becomes unlimited once the tool is developed. The tool-the implement to make implements-creates the possibility of producing far more different types of implements than could by simply selected from nature. The process of making tools, first by chipping from stone, then by grinding, and finally from metal by hammering and casting, underlies all our modern techniques of dealing physically with material objects. Through the practice of tool making, men learned the mechanical properties of many natural products and thus laid the basis for physical science. Paleolithic means Old Stone. In the Paleeolithic objects were made of stone, wood and animal bones. Most objects were made of stone and that is why this period was also called Stone Age. The technique to make tools and objects out of stone was very simple. They knocked two stones together until they got small pieces from one of them. These pieces became cutting objects. They used them to hunt and cut animal skins and meat. Examples of objects made of wood and animal bones are: harpoons, needles and lances CLOTHING: Partly from the need to carry things about, at first only food and implements, came the custom of attaching objects more or less permanently to the body, wherever a convenient hold could be made, in the hair, round the neck, waist, wrists and ankles. These attachments tended to become distinctive and ornamental. Feathers, bones and skins were added. Then came the crucial discovery that furry skin helped to keep people warm on cold nights and in winters. From this came clothes, first in isolated skin, cloaks and skirts then sew and tailored garments. FOOD: Food sources of the early hunter-gatherer humans of the Paleolithic Age included both animals and plants that were part of the natural environment in which these humans lived, often animal organ meats, including the liver, kidneys, and brains. They consumed little dairy food or carbohydrate-rich plant foods like legumes or cereal grains. Current research indicates that two-thirds of the energy was derived from animal foods. FIRE AND COOKERY: Fire was discovered about half a million years ago. For human beings in the Paleolithic Age it was one of the most important discoveries. The climate was extremely cold and with fire they could heat and light their caves, cook their food and frighten wild animals away. How man came across fire and why he dared to tame and feed it is yet to be discovered. The preservation and propagation of fire must at first have been frightening, hazardous and difficult. At first it must have been used to warm the body on cold nights. Cooking could only have come once the camp fire had become an established custom. Just as the tool is the basis of physical and mechanical science, so is fire the basis of chemical science. First of all came the very simple and essentially chemical practice of cooking. It is from the accidental use of fire that the more specifically controllable and scientific uses of fire in pottery and later in metal-making first arose. It was not very difficult to roast meat on sticks, but boiling represents a real problem, the solution of which was to lead to further great advances. The crucial discovery, was that by coating a basket with thick clay it could be put on the fire and actually improved in the process. In time it was discovered, probably towards the end of the Old Stone Age, that the basket could be dispensed with and clay pottery made that would hold water and stand fire. PRIMITIVE ART: For this, we have the evidence of the most detailed knowledge of nature possessed today by all tribes still in the hunting phase and by the large part that animal dances play in their ceremonies. All this is shown by widely dispersed cave paintings, drawings and sculptures, which are almost exclusively of animals. These representations don not stop at the outside of the animal, often bones, heart and entrails are also shown giving evidence of the origin of anatomy arising from the cutting up of game. A rock painting at Bhimbetka, India, a World heritage site. 2.2 SOCIAL BASIS OF PRIMITIVE LIFE: LANGUAGE: The cooperation of several individuals in the pursuit of food with their bare hands or with unshaped sticks and stones is possible only by the use of gesture or words. Early language must have mainly dealt with the getting of food, including the movements of people and the making and using of implements. Language must have been, from the very beginning, almost entirely arbitrary and conventional. In each community the meaning of sounds had to win acceptance and be fixed by tradition into a complete language capable of dealing with the totality of material and social life. FOOD GATHERING AND HUNTING: DIVISION OF LABOUR The general ecological character of the human groups was determined at first almost exclusively, later very largely by how they got their food. To begin with they must have collected anything they could eat-seeds, nuts, fruit, roots, insects etc. All primitive people still surviving have passed into the next stage where food gathering is supplemented by hunting large animals. The necessarily small social groups of the early Stone Age maintained their continuity through the women, while the young men for the most part must have gone off and mated with girls of other groups to which they then attached themselves. This corresponded to an economic division in which the women collected fruits, nuts, grains while men caught game and fish. The further development of big game hunting a mans business increased mans importance as a prime food-getter. It may be that this, combined with the extra strength, aggressiveness and skill that went with it, led towards the end of the Stone Age to the dominance of men over women. RELIGIOUS/BURIAL CUSTOMS: A number of archeologists propose that Middle Paleolithic societies such as Neanderthal societies may also have practiced the earliest form of totemism or animal worship. Animal cults in the following Upper Paleolithic period, such as the bear cult, may have had their origins in these hypothetical Middle Paleolithic animal cults. The oldest known burials can be attributed to the Middle Paleolithic Period. The corpses, accompanied by stone tools and parts of animals, were laid in holes in the ground and sometimes the corpses were especially protected. In some cases, the findings give the impression that the dead were to be held onto. Whether or not that meant that the dead were to be cared for lovingly or that their return was to be feared, it implies, in any case, a belief in life after death in some form. But it is not necessary to infer a belief in separate souls; rather, it could also indicate the concept of a living corpse. SACRIFICES: Sacrifices (i.e., the presentation of offerings to higher beings or to the dead) appear as early as the Middle Paleolithic Period. Pits with some animal bones have been found in the vicinity of burial sites; thus, it is a likely possibility that they represent offerings to the dead. There is a dispute over the interpretation of the arrangement of the skulls and long bones of bears, since they are deposited in such a manner that it is hardly possible to discern a profane explanation. It is assumed that they had a cultic or magical significance. Most likely, certain parts of the prey, such as the head and the meaty shanks, or at least the bones with brain and marrow, were sacrificed. Even if it cannot be definitely stated who the recipient of these sacrifices was, analogies with present-day primitive phenomena make it likely that a part of the prey was offered to a higher being who was believed to dispense nourishment. CHAPTER 3: MESOLITHIC ERA: The Mesolithic period is a transitional era between the ice-affected hunter-gatherer culture of the Upper Paleolithic, and the farming culture of the Neolithic. The greater the effect of the retreating ice on the environment of a region, the longer the Mesolithic era lasted. So, in areas with no ice (eg. the Middle East), people transitioned quite rapidly from hunting/gathering to agriculture. Their Mesolithic period was therefore short, and often referred to as the Epi-Paleolithic or Epipaleolithic. By comparison, in areas undergoing the change from ice to no-ice, the Mesolithic era and its culture lasted much longer. The Mesolithic is characterized in most areas by small composite flint tools microliths and microburins. Fishing tackle, stone adzes and wooden objects, e.g. canoes and bows, have been found at some sites MESOLITHIC CULTURES: As the ice disappeared, to be replaced by grasslands and forests, mobility and flexibility became more important in the hunting and acquisition of food. As a result, Mesolithic cultures are characterized by small, lighter flint tools, quantities of fishing tackle, stone adzes, bows and arrows. Very gradually, at least in Europe, hunting and fishing was superceded by farming and the domestication of animals. The three main European Mesolithic cultures are: Azilian, Tardenoisian and Maglemosian. Azilian was a stone industry, largely microlithic, associated with Ofnet Man. Tardenoisian, associated with Tardenoisian Man, produced small flint blades and small flint implements with geometrical shapes, together with bone harpoons using flint flakes as barbs. Maglemosian (northern Europe) was a bone and horn culture, producing flint scrapers, borers and core-axes. MESOLITHIC ROCK ART: Artworks created during the Mesolithic period reflect the arrival of new living conditions and hunting practices caused by the disappearance of the great herds of animals from Spain and France, at the end of the Ice Age. Forests now cloaked the landscape, necessitating more careful and cooperative hunting arrangements. European Mesolithic rock art gives more space to human figures, and is characterized by keener observation, and greater narrative in the paintings. Also, because of the warmer weather, it moves from caves to outdoor sites in numerous locations across Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia and the Americas. For example, in Africa, a number of bushman rock paintings were found in the Waterberg area which date from about 8,000 BCE. In India, the paintings in the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, derive from Mesolithic artists. A good deal of Australian Aboriginal art (eg. from Arnhem Land) dates from Mesolithic as well as Paleolithic periods. Most of the Aborigines ancient artwork i s stylized rock painting, often executed in a symbolic or abstract manner as many were created from a birds eye view. MESOLITHIC SCULPTURE: As well as these stylized cave paintings, the Mesolithic era also featured more 3-D art, including bas-reliefs and free standing sculpture. Early examples of the latter include the anthropomorphic figurines, typically embellished by animals, uncovered in Nevali Cori and GÃ ¶bekli Tepe near Urfa in eastern Asia Minor (now Turkey), dating to 9,000 BCE. The mesolithic statues of Lepenski Vir (eg. The Fish God) in Serbia date from about 5,000 BCE and depict either humans or hybrid figures, part-human, part-fish. MESOLITHIC DECORATIVE CRAFTS: Other examples of this type of new portable art include adornments, like bracelets and painted pebbles, together with decorative drawings on functional objects like paddles and weapons. Ceramic art was also developed, notably by the Jomon culture an early highpoint of Japanese Art whose sophisticated pots have been dated to the 11th millennium BCE. Their clay figures and vessels were typically decorated with patterns created by impressing the wet clay body with cord and sticks. Chinese pottery begins during the Mesolithic period. MESOLITHIC MASTERPIECE: The Thinker From Cernavoda (5000 BCE) One extraordinary example of Neolithic art is the sculpture known as the Thinker From Cernavoda (c.5,000 BCE), discovered in the lower Danube in Romania. It belongs to the Hamangia culture, usually classified as a Neolithic culture practised in Dobruja (Romania and Bulgaria) on the right bank of the Danube in Muntenia, and in the south, but may be connected with mesolithic hunter-gatherers. The uniqueness of the sculpture stems from the fact that the figure is neither a hunting or fertility idol, but simply sits in deep thought. A near-perfect illustration of a thinking Neolithic man. CHAPTER 4: NEOLITHIC OR NEW STONE AGE: Neolithic means New Stone Age. This was a period of primitive technological and social development, toward the end of the Stone Age. Beginning in the 10th millennium BCE (12,000 BP), the Neolithic period saw the development of early villages, agriculture, animal domestication, tools and the onset of the earliest recorded incidents of warfare It is characterized by the discovery of stone implements that were polished, and, in particular, the stone axe that was bound to a wooden handle. There were also numerous arrow-heads that were found. Also found was the beginning of a sort of agriculture, as well as the use of plants and seeds. Evidences of hunting revealed that there were hunters among Neolithic humans. There is also evidence revealing the domestication of animals, such as dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Hunters began tending the herds that they hunted. Also discovered are evidences of pottery, plaiting and weaving. In the Mesolithic period, people built up knowledge about harvesting wild foods. In the Middle East, they specialized in gathering the seeds of wild grasses. Between 10,000 and 9000 bce, people learned how to store and sow seeds of plants, which then changed as a result of human selection. Wild wheat has brittle stalks that shatter when ripe, releasing grains to be spread by the wind. People harvested wheat with larger, intact ears, which stayed longer on the plant and eventually created a new wheat with heads that no longer shattered. People also began to control the breeding of animals, such as sheep. They had become farmers. This new period of prehistory is called the Neolithic (New Stone) Age. 4.1 VILLAGE AND RIVER CULTURE: The characteristic economic and cultural unit of the Neolithic age is the village. Village economy is strictly limited in scope and possibility of change. Even where it involves thousands of people, as in some African villages today, it remains an economy in which nearly all the people are occupied most of the time in agricultural pursuits or in the production of locally made and locally used goods. The first step towards larger scale of operations occurred when people tried to practice agriculture in the wide alluvial valleys of rivers which flowed in their lower courses through aris lands. They may have started from the low river banks where seeds could be sown in the wet mud and then gradually cut back the marshes and cleared the river channels. Alternatively, the practice of agriculture in small upland valleys may simply have been pushed downstream step by step into the great valleys. In some such way, a new kind of agriculture based first on natural then on artificial irrigation came into being. 4.2 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION: During most of the Neolithic age, people lived in small tribes of 150-2000 members that were composed of multiple bands or lineages. There is little scientific evidence of developed social stratification in most Neolithic societies; social stratification is more associated with the later Bronze Age. Although some late Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms similar to Polynesian societies such as the Ancient Hawaiians, most Neolithic societies were relatively simple and egalitarian. However, Neolithic societies were noticeably more hierarchical than the Paleolithic cultures that preceded them and Hunter-gatherer cultures in general. The domestication of animals (c. 8000 BC) resulted in a dramatic increase in social inequality. Possession of livestock allowed competition between households and resulted in inherited inequalities of wealth. Neolithic pastoralists who controlled large herds gradually acquired more livestock, and this made economic inequalities more pronou nced. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION: We can conclude by saying that Prehistoric culture refers to human evolution and development that occurred before the discovery of writing. For a short cut, this period is sometimes called the Stone Age. As the sciences of Geology, Paleontology, Anthropology and Archeology have developed, they have, by our time produced a vast, complex body of knowledge about the dawn of the human mind. If we correctly evaluate modern discoveries and proposed hypotheses, it can help us understand human nature and shed light on modern human problems. What is the role of reason in the life of mankind. Question One. What does our current knowledge about prehistoric times tell us about the use of reason in the prehistoric culture? Question Two: How do we use our personal, modern day reason in order to answer Question One. In order to examine the role of reason in prehistoric times, it first behooves us to understand the role of reason in our own lives here and now.

The Green Party Of Canada :: essays research papers fc

The Green Party of Canada   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Canada had nine registered political parties in the 1993 federal election. Each one of these parties was trying to place their candidates into Parliament as members. In this particular election there were the usual dominating parties that ran, the Liberals and Conservatives. Also vying for seats were seven minority parties which included the Green Party, the Christian Heritage Party, the National Party of Canada, the Abolitionist Party, the Commonwealth, The Canada Party, the Liberaltarian Party, the Marxist-Leninist Party, and the Natural Law Party. Each of these minority parties had then and still do have their own values, goals, and political expectations. Most minority parties try to guide themselves along on the basis of these beliefs, especially around election time when they work hardest to raise issues of policy alternatives trying to make a mark on the political scene in Canada despite their limited support and resources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Green Party of Canada is one particular minority party that presented themselves to the political scene in Canada about 15 years ago, in the early 1980's (Darfler). The small group of individuals belonging to the Green Party is an interesting bunch. They're all ages and come from a wide variety of views and opinions. Even together as a party they vary in their individual values and beliefs compared to other political parties in Canada. The party faithful is unlike most other parties in many ways, the most noticeable difference is having tried to invert a system which is bottom-up, meaning that all the real power and responsibility are held at the level of the local chapters. This is unique to the Green Party because most political organizations operate on a top-down basis, with a middle group within the party hierarchy that is in charge of their own membership, income, policies and incentives (Darfler). They together as a united party hold their own political sights for the future. The Green Party members for the most part believe that it is time to take a more sensible approach to running the affairs of the people and to do that we must base our political and economic beliefs on fact. In Canada, the Green Party values such things as ecological wisdom, social justice, grass roots democracy, non- violence, decentralization, feminism, and future focus/sustainability (htp.//www.green.ca). If you agree that the government should focus its attention toward these values, then you yourself are probably Green. All of these values are joined by a common value system which is determined by a set of underlying theories about the nature of reality and the people placed in it. The Green Parties political thought will probably never become entirely known as

Hi-Value Supermarkets- Everyday Low Pricing Essay

Case Analysis I. Factual Summary Hi-Value Supermarkets became a division of Hall Consolidated, a privately owned wholesaler and retail food distributor in 1975. Hi-Value Supermarkets is considered to be the smallest of the three supermarkets chains owned by Hall Consolidated, with a small store distribution for its category. Hi-Value was the number one or two ranked supermarket chain in each of its trade markets (as measured by market share). Hi-Value is known as â€Å"most convenient†, having three stores in Centralia compared to its top competitors only having one each. Hi- Values three are major competitors are: Harrison’s, Grand American, and Missouri Mart. The three major competitors in Centralia contain stores all subsequently larger in size than those of Hi-Value. The four major supermarkets in Centralia make up 85% of all food sales, with the remaining 15% stemming from smaller, independent grocery stores and convenience stores. All 3 major competitors contain a feature attributes and a unique position in the market. With Hi-Value having three locations in Centralia, it puts them at an advantage for convenience that the competition cannot duplicate without having the funds or other resources to do so. Although Hi-Value Supermarkets offer the highest level of convenience, there prices are overall are the highest as well. Residents of Centralia prefer lower prices because according to the U.S. Census held in 2000, the median income was 36,000. It is understood that price is the most important store determinant for the residents, which poses a problem for Hi-Value. The major  question described in the case is whether or not Hi-Value should implement a low-pricing strategy. With the examination of Hi-Value’s current situation, it is evident that their future falls in between several courses of action that executives must examine and choose whether or not to integrate them. This process must be done in order to maintain a strong position in their served market and prosperous future. II. Case Problem/Opportunity Hi Values main problems are that they lack strong customer image and are highly priced. Each of the local supermarkets in the Centralia area has an image. Harrisons has an extremely favorable image. They are well managed, clean, orderly, and attractive, and the store is conveniently located along with excellent parking. Grand American is the most modern store in Centralia and has a highly regarded dairy department. Contrarily, they have a modest variety in meats, and produce and offer double coupons. Missouri Marts primary merchandising strength is in groceries and special purchase displays, but its store lacks quality and freshness. Hi-Value has multiple locations but has highly priced merchandise. A supermarket interview was conducted to give customers an opportunity to share their overall thoughts and experience they had when shopping at local supermarkets in Centralia. The questions were asked based upon the characteristics each store had to offer. The number one concern customer s had with Hi Value was â€Å"price†. At the time Hi-Values prices ran 10 percent above Harrison’s, and 7 percent above Missouri Mart and Grand American. Although Hi-Value is recognized for its store convenience it lacks a top ranking sales item that sets it aside from other supermarkets in the area. Since Hi- Values reputation is not where management expected, Hi-Value Supermarket is reviewing whether or not it would be a good business decision to incorporate an everyday low pricing strategy to stay competitive with the other supermarkets in the area marketing tactic. The most important opportunity for Hi-Value Supermarkets is the growing price consciousness Centralia shoppers are becoming. The increase on price elastic customers should be carefully taken into consideration when developing new strategies, or taking new courses of action. One of Hi-Value’s opportunities could be identified in the customer spending habits. Company records point out fresh meat, poultry, and seafood  to be among the items people in Centralia spend the most money on. This representative 14.32% average plus the fact that meat quality is the second most important determinant of store choice can be seen as an attractive opportunity for Hi-Value executives to improve the quality of their butcher in order to attract more customers. Another opportunity for Hi-Value is to modernize their store to make it more attractive and easier for customers to maneuver around to make their shopping experience better. It may not be a bad idea as well to offer a greater variety of bakery choices along with fresher produce. III. Alternative Solutions 1). Implement â€Å"Everyday low-pricing† strategy to all Hi-Value Supermarket products: By choosing to implement â€Å"Everyday low-pricing† strategy to all Hi- Value Supermarket products in Centralia, Missouri, Hi- Value would begin direct competition with Harrison’s via most reasonable prices. According to the Exhibit 6 found on page 506, data shows that, Harrison’s is a market leader with 36 percent of customers agreeing that Harrison’s has the most reasonable prices , while customers rated Hi- Value with only 7percent . Also in this data we can see that Hi Value scored lowest on best overall variety with 2 percent while Missouri Mart came in at 74 percent. With 13,500 households retaining an average income of a mere $36,000/ year, consumers of Centralia are money conscious and smart shoppers. Since Harrison’s is favored 29 percent higher, than Hi-Value’s pricing, they are undoubtedly the average consumer’s penny stretching, go-to supermarket. Because price is believed to be the most important store choice determinant for customers, this may be a strategy that Hi-Value should consider. By implementing the â€Å"Everyday low-pricing† strategy, Hi- Value Supermarkets would promise customers a low price, without the need to wait for a sale price or other comparison. A strategy like this has proved to work well with a broader store positioning strategy and if it is well supported with advertising. Since Hi-Value has 3 stores compared to the other retailers who only have 1, it is positioned as the â€Å"most convenient† and uses a value approach when advertising. With the current positioning as Hi-Value= Superior Value, in convenience, service and bakery items, Hi- Value falls short in the pricing category and also typically spends .11% less on advertising annually than the average advertising sales (which is 1% of  annual revenue). Implementing this strategy may confuse Hi-Values image and positioning. However, if it is implemented, the â€Å"Everyday low-pricing† strategy has the potential to reduce operating costs and increase profit (.9% of annual sales), which the company could then use to bolster a new advertising campaign featuring Hi-Values new â€Å"Everyday low-pricing† strategy. 2) Implement â€Å"Everyday low-pricing† strategy to Grocery and Seasonal/General merchandise only By choosing to implement an â€Å"Everyday low-pricing† strategy on Grocery and Seasonal/ General merchandise only to Hi- Value Supermarket products Hi- Value would limit the pricing strategy to all grocery (including dairy) and general merchandise (including beauty care and health care items). Since these categories represents 57 percent of Hi-Values annual sales, this limited approach on the â€Å"Everyday low-pricing† strategy should convey the image they want to project as well as enter Hi- Value Supermarkets into a different level of competition (reasonable pricing) where they were last in the category before. As a result, this would mean more direct competition with Grand American, Harrison’s and Missouri Mart. However, this change does alter Hi- Value’s positioning as â€Å"superior value and convenience† and may begin to confuse shoppers . Hi- Value Supermarket Shopper Interview Resulted in saying that 77.9 percent of all Hi- Value customers are dedicated patrons that have stayed and shopped with Hi- Value for 3 or more years. Of these customers, 51.7 percent purchase about half of their total food needs with Hi- Value Supermarket. Of that 51.7 percent, 36.9 percent purchased grocery items only and 23.4 percent purchased grocery, meat and produce. Of these customers interviewed, 27 percent of them stated that the things they liked best about other stores were the â€Å"prices†. This information allows a conclusion to be drawn that because of the strong base of loyal customers, who mostly purchase grocery items, preferred most stores with lower pricing and shopped most regularly for other groceries at Missouri Mart (whose ad’s feature â€Å"very low prices†), that the strategy of implementing â€Å"Everyday low-pricing† limited to Grocery and Seasonal/ General merchandise only, to Hi- Valu e Supermarket products would only make sense. 3) Do not implement the â€Å"Everyday low-pricing† strategy by choosing not to implement the â€Å"Everyday low-pricing† strategy whatsoever to Hi- Value Supermarket products in Centralia, Missouri would allow Hi- Value Supermarkets to maintain their prided image and positioning  as the â€Å"greatest convenience for shoppers†. Their 3:1 ratio of stores located throughout Centralia gives them a competitive edge against the other leading supermarkets in the area. Hi-Values W. Prospect store, being the only Supermarket in that section of town is a definite advantage for the organization. By choosing to focus directly on their existing positioning they will be sure to not confuse customers, also with their large base of 77.9 percent customers who have been loyal customers over 3 years. Hi value has to be careful about simply lowering prices because if Hi-Value was to change their positioning, it may change the way they are overall perceived. Higher prices indicat e higher value and superior service. This is a trend seen worldwide. These categories of high value and service are what Hi- Value Supermarkets was built upon. The option of lowering price may or may not contradict these written values. In a well-defined market area, for â€Å"Everyday low pricing† to work, you do not have to be the lowest priced supermarket in the trade area. This allows the option to always be considered to only slightly lower prices. With Hi-Value’s pricing to be 7-10% higher than its competitors, if Hi-Value lowers prices by a mere 2-3% they can still be positioned as the most convenient and superior value supermarket, while satisfying their customers price concerns. IV. Selected Solutions Hi-Value Supermarkets best bet is to implement an everyday low pricing strategy in certain product categories with a price reduction anywhere from 5-7% below the original quote. With growing sensitivity to pricing in the area, this strategy will work to increase customer satisfaction and will lead to a positive company image. Implementing low prices will keep Hi -Value competitive with other markets in the area. Although Hi- value cannot out price Harrison’s, it still may be an option worth while looking into. Also Hi-Value needs to greatly improve their customer image. Usually first impression is the last impression, so it is important that Hi-Value staff consider training their staff on the importance of making sure that the customer has a better experience when coming to their stores. Perhaps they can have more staff working to ensure that the isles ate wide enough and that the shelves are neatly stocked and organized so that when the customer shops it will be a smoother tr ansition from the shelves to the cash  register. Along with that it may be a good idea as well if they focused more on offering a better variety of bakery items as well for customers to enjoy. V. Conclusion With all the information that has been provided, it can be concluded that if Hi-Value decided to operate in a way that is seen as being more reasonable and economical for customers, customers will be more inclined to shop there. If management decides to implement better sanitary solutions and decides to clean up the dairy department, it would more than likely lead to better customer satisfaction. If management works more closely with ensuring that customers do not experience out of stock items and fresher produce, customers will be more inclined to shop there and continue to recommend Hi-Value to their friends and family. These are simple options that management can takes that will be work out to be both effective and efficient. If management also decides to take this approach it can compensate for their higher prices. If your prices are higher than there needs to be a justifiable reason, so in this case Hi-Values justifiable reason would be again to work on customer image. Altering their advertising slogan, start advertising on television, and targeting shoppers outside of Centralia will increase sales and market share. As of now 89 percent of their sales are devoted to advertising. Having an increase in marketing expenses from the new strategy will be offset with increased sales and market share. Once these actions have been implemented, it would be a good idea for Hi-Value to allow customers to take a survey to comment on their recent improvements to store and allow them to give feedback so that management is always in the know and so that customers can always contribute. This will put Hi-Value at an advantage with its competitors.